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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Space exploration vehicle designed to move across the surface of a planet or other celestial body}}
{{for|more specific instances|Lunar rover|Mars rover}}
{{Other uses|Rover (disambiguation){{!}}Rover}}
[[Image:PIA15279 3rovers-stand D2011 1215 D521.jpg|thumb|400px|Three different [[Mars rover]] designs: [[Sojourner (rover)|''Sojourner'']], [[Mars Exploration Rover|MER]] and [[Curiosity Rover|''Curiosity'']]]]
[[File:Pia21486curiowheelpopping.jpg|thumb|''Curiosity''{{'}}s wheels on Mars, 2017]]
[[File:OutOfThisWorldRecordsModified.jpg|thumb|300px|Comparison of distances driven by various wheeled vehicles on the surface of the [[Moon]] and [[Mars]]]]
A '''rover''' (or sometimes '''planetary rover''') is a [[planetary surface]] [[exploration]] device designed to move over the rough surface of a [[planet]] or other [[planetary mass]] [[celestial bodies]]. Some rovers have been designed as [[land vehicle]]s to transport members of a [[human spaceflight]] crew; others have been partially or fully [[autonomous robot]]s. Rovers are typically created to land on another planet (other than [[Earth]]) via a [[lander (spacecraft)|lander]]-style [[spacecraft]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://airandspace.si.edu/research/ceps/etp/tools/tools_rover.html|title=Exploring The Planets - Tools of Exploration - Rovers|date=2002|publisher=[[National Air and Space Museum|Air and Space Museum]]|access-date=3 January 2013|archive-date=25 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725134610/http://airandspace.si.edu/research/ceps/etp/tools/tools_rover.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> tasked to collect information about the terrain, and to take [[crust (geology)|crust]] samples such as dust, soil, rocks, and even liquids. They are essential tools in [[space exploration]].
== Features ==
Rovers arrive on spacecraft and are used in conditions very distinct from those on the Earth, which makes some demands on their design.
=== Reliability ===
Rovers have to withstand high levels of acceleration, high and low temperatures, [[pressure]], dust, [[corrosion]], [[cosmic rays]], remaining functional without repair for a needed period of time.
[[File:Sojourner in cruise configuration.gif|thumb|left|150px|Mars rover ''[[Sojourner (rover)|Sojourner]]'' in cruise configuration]]
=== Autonomy ===
Rovers which land on celestial bodies far from the Earth, such as the [[Mars Exploration Rovers]], cannot be remotely controlled in real-time since the [[speed of light|speed at which radio signals travel]] is far too slow for ''real-time'' or ''near-real-time'' communication. For example, sending a signal from Mars to Earth takes between 3 and 21 minutes. These rovers are thus capable of operating [[Autonomous robot|autonomously]] with little assistance from ground control as far as [[Autonomous robot#Outdoor autonomous position-sensing and navigation|navigation]] and [[data acquisition]] are concerned, although they still require human input for identifying promising targets in the distance to which to drive, and determining how to position itself to maximize solar energy.<ref name="Schirber">{{cite news | author = Michael Schirber | title = Rovers of the future may make decisions on their own | date = 8 July 2012 | publisher = Mother Nature Network | url = http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/space/stories/rovers-of-the-future-may-make-decisions-on-their-own | work = Astrobiology Magazine }}</ref> Giving a rover some rudimentary visual identification capabilities to make simple distinctions can allow engineers to speed up the reconnaissance.<ref name="Schirber" /> During the NASA Sample Return Robot Centennial Challenge, a rover, named ''Cataglyphis'', successfully demonstrated autonomous navigation, decision-making, and sample detection, retrieval, and return capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/centennial_challenges/feature/2016_sample_return_robot_challenge_award.html|title=NASA Awards $750K in Sample Return Robot Challenge|last=Hall|first=Loura|date=2016-09-08|access-date=2016-09-17}}</ref>
=== Non-wheeled approaches ===
Other rover designs that do not use wheeled approaches are possible. Mechanisms that utilize "walking" on [[robotic arm|robotic legs]], hopping, rolling, etc. are possible. For example, [[Stanford University]] researchers have proposed "Hedgehog", a small [[cube]]-shaped rover that can controllably hop—or even spin out of a sandy sinkhole by corkscrewing upward to escape—for surface exploration of [[low gravity]] celestial bodies.<ref name=physorg20160208>{{cite news |last=Chipman |first=Ian |url=http://phys.org/news/2016-02-hedgehog-cube-like-rover-exploration-asteroids.html |title=Meet "Hedgehog": Engineers build cube-like rover for exploration of asteroids, comets |work=[[Phys.org]] |date=2016-02-08 |access-date=2016-02-11 }}</ref>
== Past missions ==
[[File:moonLanderLola16.png|thumb|right|300px|Landing sites of sample return and rover missions]]
=== Moon ===
====Lunokhod 0 (No.201)====
The Soviet rover was intended to be the first roving remote-controlled [[robot]] on the [[Moon]], but crashed during a failed start of the launcher 19 February 1969.
====Lunokhod 1====
[[File:Soviet moonrover.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Lunokhod 1]] Lunar Rover]]
The [[Lunokhod 1]] rover landed on the Moon in November 1970.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lunar Lost & Found: The Search for Old Spacecraft|date=27 March 2006 |url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060327_mystery_monday.html|publisher=www.space.com|access-date=2009-03-18}}</ref> It was the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on any celestial body. The [[Soviet Union]] launched Lunokhod 1 aboard the [[Luna 17]] spacecraft on November 10, 1970, and it entered lunar orbit on November 15. The spacecraft soft-landed in the [[Sea of Rains]] region on November 17. The lander had dual ramps from which Lunokhod 1 could descend to the lunar surface, which it did at 06:28 UT. From November 17, 1970, to November 22, 1970, the rover drove 197 m, and during 10 communication sessions returned 14 close up pictures of the Moon and 12 panoramic views. It also analyzed the lunar soil. The last successful communications session with Lunokhod 1 was on September 14, 1971. Having worked for 11 months,<ref>{{cite web|title=Luna 17 and Lunokhod 1
|url=http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Luna/Luna17.php
|publisher=www.zarya.info
|access-date=2009-08-23}}
</ref>
====Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle====
[[File:Apollo15LunarRover.jpg|thumb|right|Apollo 15 [[Lunar Roving Vehicle]]]]
NASA included [[Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle|Lunar Roving Vehicle]]s in three [[Apollo program|Apollo]] missions: [[Apollo 15]] (which landed on the Moon July 30, 1971), [[Apollo 16]] (which landed April 21, 1972), and [[Apollo 17]] (which landed December 11, 1972).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/docs/ApolloCat/Part1/LRV.htm|title=Experiment: Lunar Rover Vehicle|publisher=Ares.jsc.nasa.gov|access-date=2009-03-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320185219/http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/docs/ApolloCat/Part1/LRV.htm|archive-date=2009-03-20}}</ref>
====Lunokhod 2====
[[File:Lunokhod-2 model.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Lunokhod 2]] lunar rover]]
The [[Lunokhod 2]] was the second of two uncrewed lunar rovers landed on the [[Moon]] by the [[Soviet Union]] as part of the [[Lunokhod program]]. The rover became operational on the [[Moon]] on January 16, 1973.<ref>{{cite web|title=Luna 21 and Lunokhod 2
|url=http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Luna/Luna21.php
|publisher=www.zarya.info
|access-date=2009-08-23}}
</ref>
It was the second roving remote-controlled [[robot]] to land on any celestial body. The [[Soviet Union]] launched Lunokhod 2 aboard the [[Luna 21]] spacecraft on January 8, 1973, and the spacecraft soft-landed in the eastern edge of the [[Mare Serenitatis]] region on January 15, 1973. Lunokhod 2 descended from the lander's dual ramps to the lunar surface at 01:14 UT on January 16, 1973. Lunokhod 2 operated for about four months, covered {{convert|39|km|mi|abbr=on}} of terrain, including hilly [[highland (geography)|upland]] areas and [[rille]]s, and sent back 86 panoramic images and over 80,000 TV pictures.<ref name="2004Lunokhod2Airandspace">{{cite news |title=The Other Moon Landings |url=http://www.airspacemag.com/space-exploration/other-moon.html |access-date=May 25, 2013 |author=Andrew Chaikin |publisher=[[Air & Space/Smithsonian]] |date=March 1, 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140511103222/http://www.airspacemag.com/space/the-other-moon-landings-6457729/ |archive-date=May 11, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="2012Lunokhod2Register">{{cite news |title=New NASA snap of game developer's electric cart FOUND ON MOON: Probe in low pass over Garriott's radioactive tub-rover |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/03/16/moon_detailed_pic_landing_site_rover/ |author=Lewis Page |publisher=The Register |date=March 16, 2012 |access-date=May 25, 2013}}</ref><ref name="2012Lunokhod2Revisted">{{cite news |title=Lunokhod 2 Revisited |url=http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/news/?archives/537-Lunokhod-2-Revisited.html |publisher=NASA |date=March 13, 2012 |access-date=May 25, 2013}}</ref> Based on wheel rotations Lunokhod 2 was thought to have covered {{convert|37|km|mi|abbr=on}} but Russian scientists at the Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (MIIGAiK) have revised that to an estimated distance of about {{convert|42.1-42.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} based on Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ([[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter|LRO]]) images of the lunar surface.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2013/06211627-opportunity-lunokhod-record.html |title=Is Opportunity near Lunokhod's distance record? Not as close as we used to think! |publisher=The Planetary Society |last1=Lakdawalla |first1=Emily |date=June 21, 2013 |access-date=June 26, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Witze |first1=Alexandra |title=Space rovers in record race |journal=Nature |volume=498 |issue=7454 |pages=284–285 |publisher=Nature News |date=June 19, 2013 |doi=10.1038/498284a |pmid=23783609 |bibcode=2013Natur.498..284W |doi-access=free }}</ref> Subsequent discussions with their American counterparts ended with an agreed-upon final distance of {{convert|39|km|mi|abbr=on}}, which has stuck since.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/its-official-nasa-confirms-mars-opportunity-rover-has-broken-the-off-world-driving-record/32813/|title=Opportunity breaks off-world driving record!|first=S.|last=Sutherland|website=The Weather Network|date=July 29, 2014|access-date=January 20, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/774|title=Trundling Across the Moon|website=lroc.sese.asu.edu}}</ref>
====Lunokhod 3====
The Soviet rover was intended to be the third roving remote-controlled robot on the Moon in 1977. The mission was canceled due to lack of launcher availability and funding, although the rover was built.
====''Yutu''====
[[File:Yutu rover.jpg|thumb|alt=Yutu rover on lunar surface|''[[Yutu rover|Yutu]]'' rover on lunar surface]]
[[Chang'e 3]] is a Chinese Moon mission that includes a robotic rover [[Yutu (rover)|''Yutu'']], named after the pet rabbit of [[Chang'e]], the goddess of the Moon in Chinese mythology. Launched in 2013 with the [[Chang'e 3]] mission, it is China's first lunar rover, the first soft landing on the Moon since 1976 and the first rover to operate there since the Soviet [[Lunokhod 2]] ceased operations on 11 May 1973.<ref name="Molnár-May2013">{{cite news | first=László | last=Molnár | title=Chang'e-3 revealed – and its massive! | date=24 May 2013 | url=http://www.pulispace.com/en/media/news/231-change-3-revealed-and-its-massive | work=Pull Space Technologies | access-date=16 January 2018 | archive-date=6 June 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606034406/http://www.pulispace.com/en/media/news/231-change-3-revealed-and-its-massive | url-status=dead }}</ref> It was deployed on the Moon on December 14, 2013, and the rover encountered operational difficulties toward the end of the second lunar day<ref name="abnormality">{{cite news | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-25/an-china27s-moon-rover2c-jade-rabbit2c-has-27abnormality27/5218986 | title=China's first moon rover has experienced a "mechanical control abnormality | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date=26 January 2014 }}</ref> after surviving and recovering successfully the first 14-day lunar night (about a month on the Moon),<ref name="back">{{cite news|first=Alan |last=Boyle |title=Chinese moon lander and rover wake up after weeks of sleep |date=12 January 2014 |publisher=NBC News |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/science/chinese-moon-lander-rover-wake-after-weeks-sleep-2D11909188 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114045936/http://www.nbcnews.com/science/chinese-moon-lander-rover-wake-after-weeks-sleep-2D11909188 |archive-date=14 January 2014 }}</ref> and was unable to move after the end of the second lunar night, though it continued to gather useful information for some months afterward.<ref name="Not dead yet">{{cite news | first=Euan | last=McKirdy | title=Down but not out: Jade Rabbit comes back from the dead | date=13 February 2014 | url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/12/world/asia/jade-rabbit-resurrection/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 | work=CNN }}</ref> In October 2015, ''Yutu'' set the record for the longest operational period for a rover on the Moon.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://spacenews.com/chinas-immobile-rover-passes-a-purely-figurative-milestone/ |title= China's Immobile Rover Passes a Purely Figurative Milestone |author= Jeff Foust |date= 30 October 2015 |publisher= SpaceNews }}</ref> On 31 July 2016, ''Yutu'' ceased to operate after a total of 31 months, well beyond its original expected lifespan of three months.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-10/29/c_134763460.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151102022438/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-10/29/c_134763460.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= November 2, 2015 |title= China's first moon rover sets record for longest stay |date= 29 October 2015 |author= An |publisher= Xinhua }}</ref>
{{clear}}
===''Pragyan'' (Chandrayaan-2 rover)===
{{Main|Chandrayaan-2|Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)}}
[[Chandrayaan-2]] was the second lunar mission by India, consisting of a lunar orbiter, a lander named [[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|''Vikram'']], and a rover named [[Chandrayaan-2#Pragyan rover|''Pragyan'']]. The rover weighing 27 kg,<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183103 |title=ISRO to send first Indian into Space by 2022 as announced by PM, says Dr Jitendra Singh| website=pib.nic.in| access-date=2018-08-29}}</ref> had six wheels and was to be operated on [[solar power]].<ref name="duration">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/sac-to-deliver-eyes-and-ears-of-chandrayaan-2-by-2015-end |title=ISRO to deliver "eyes and ears" of Chandrayaan-2 by 2015-end |work=The Indian Express |first=Avinash |last=Nair |date=31 May 2015 |access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref> Launched on 22 July 2019, the mission entered lunar orbit on August 20. ''Pragyan'' was destroyed along with its lander, ''Vikram'', when it crash-landed on the Moon on 6 September 2019 and never got the chance to deploy.<ref name='L Update'>{{Cite web|title = Chandrayaan - 2 Latest Update|url = https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|date = September 7, 2019|access-date = September 11, 2019|website = isro.gov.in|archive-date = September 8, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908052939/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="Hard landing TOI">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms Vikram lander located on lunar surface, wasn't a soft landing: Isro.] ''Times of India''. 8 September 2019.</ref>
===Rashid ===
{{main|Emirates Lunar Mission}}
Rashid was a lunar rover built by [[Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre|MBRSC]] to be launched onboard [[ispace (Japanese company)|Ispace]]'s lander called Hakuto-R. The rover was launched in November 2022, but was destroyed as the lander crash landed in April 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nasir |first=Sarwat |date=19 September 2022 |title=Launch window for UAE Moon mission revealed |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/uae-in-space/2022/09/19/launch-window-for-uae-moon-mission-revealed/ |access-date=20 September 2022 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]}}</ref> It was equipped with two high-resolution cameras, a microscopic camera to capture small details, and a thermal imaging camera. The rover carried a [[Langmuir probe]], designed to study the Moon's plasma and will attempt to explain why Moon dust is so sticky.<ref name="cnn">{{Cite web |date=24 November 2020 |title=UAE hopes this tiny lunar rover will discover unexplored parts of the moon |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/24/middleeast/uae-moon-rover-mission-scn-spc-intl/index.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref> The rover was supposed to study the lunar surface, mobility on the Moon’s surface and how different surfaces interact with lunar particles.<ref name="abc">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2021 |title=UAE sets new ambitious timeline for launch of moon rover |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/uae-sets-ambitious-timeline-launch-moon-rover-77065653 |publisher=ABC News}}</ref>
===SORA-Q (Hakuto-R Mission 1 Rover)===
{{main|ispace (Japanese company)}}
[[Takara Tomy]], [[JAXA]] and [[Doshisha University]] made a rover to be launched onboard [[ispace (Japanese company)|Ispace]]'s lander called Hakuto-R. It was launched in 2022, but was destroyed as the lander crash landed in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Elizabeth Howell |date=2021-05-27 |title=Japan will send a transforming robot ball to the moon to test lunar rover tech |url=https://www.space.com/japan-transformable-moon-robot-ispace-2022-lunar-lander |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2021/05/20210527-1_e.html |title=Data Acquisition on the Lunar Surface with a Transformable Lunar Robot, Assisting Development of the Crewed Pressurized Rover |work=[[JAXA]] |date=27 May 2021 |access-date=14 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This is the Lunar Excursion Vehicle (LEV-2) which will ride to the Moon on the JAXA SLIM spacecraft in the near future |url=https://twitter.com/shuttlealmanac/status/1583763766898208768 |access-date=November 8, 2022 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>
===''Pragyan'' (Chandrayaan-3 rover)===
[[Chandrayaan-3]] is a mission by India's space agency ([[ISRO]]), consisting of a lunar lander and the [[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)|Pragyan rover]]. It was a re-attempt to demonstrate soft landing, following the failure of [[Chandrayaan-2]]'s ''Vikram'' lander. It was launched on 14 July 2023 on the [[LVM3|LVM-3]] launch vehicle and has soft landed near south pole of moon August 23 at 6.04 PM IST. The 26 kg 6 wheeled rover Pragyan has descend from lander belly, on to the moon surface, using one of its side panels as a ramp. The rover will carry out in-situ chemical analysis of the lunar surface during its course of its mobility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LVM-3 {{!}} Chandrayaan-3 |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/NextSpaceflight.com/launches/details/3092 |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=nextspaceflight.com |language=en}}</ref> The rover was deployed on 23 September<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravisetti |first=Monisha |date=2023-08-28 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 takes the moon's temperature near lunar south pole for 1st time |url=https://www.space.com/chandrayaan-3-moon-temperature-lunar-south-pole-first-time |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref> and was put into sleep mode after completing all its objectives on 3 September. It later died during that lunar night.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaturvedi |first=Arpan |date=2023-09-03 |title=Mission accomplished, India puts moon rover to 'sleep' |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/mission-accomplished-india-puts-moon-rover-sleep-2023-09-03/ |access-date=2023-11-24}}</ref>
===Peregrine Mission One===
{{Main|Peregrine Mission One}}
Peregrine launched towards the Moon on 8 January 2024, taking with it 5 [[Colmena]] rovers and a ''[[CubeRover#Iris|Iris]]'' rover.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Belam |first=Martin |date=2024-01-08 |title=Nasa Peregrine 1 launch: Vulcan Centaur rocket carrying Nasa moon lander lifts off in Florida – live updates |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2024/jan/08/nasa-peregrine-1-launch-rocket-moon-latest-news-updates-live |access-date=2024-01-08 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> After separation from the launch vehicle a fault occurred preventing it from completing its mission. The spacecraft instead returned to [[Atmospheric entry|Earth's atmosphere]], where it disintegrated on 18 January.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Jackie Wattles, Kristin |date=2024-01-08 |title=Peregrine mission abandons Moon landing attempt after suffering 'critical' fuel loss |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/08/world/peregrine-lunar-lander-anomaly-astrobotic-nasa-scn/index.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
===SLIM===
{{Main|Smart Lander for Investigating Moon}}
The SLIM lander has two rovers onboard, Lunar Excursion Vehicle 1 (LEV-1) (hopper) and Lunar Excursion Vehicle 2 (LEV-2), a tiny rover developed by JAXA in joint cooperation with [[Tomy]], [[Sony Group]], and [[Doshisha University]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hirano |first=Daichi |url=https://global.jaxa.jp/activity/pr/jaxas/no088/03.html |title=Palm-Sized Lunar Excursion Vehicle 2 (LEV-2) |work=[[JAXA]] |date=7 October 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref> The first rover has direct-to-Earth communication. The second rover is designed to change its shape to traverse around the landing site over a short lifespan of two hours. SLIM was launched on September 6, 2023, and reached lunar orbit on 25 December 2023. They two rovers were successfully deployed and landed separately from SLIM shortly before it own landing on 19 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=2024-01-19 |title=Japan Becomes Fifth Country to Land on the Moon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/01/12/science/japan-moon-landing-slim |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> LEV-1 conducted six hops on lunar surface and LEV-2 imaged SLIM lander on lunar surface.<ref>{{Citation |title=小型月着陸実証機（SLIM）および小型プローブ（LEV）の月面着陸の結果・成果等 の記者会見 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U61i0wN01Uk |access-date=2024-01-25 |language=en}}</ref>
===Mars===
====PrOP-M====
The Soviet [[Mars 2]] and [[Mars 3]] landers each had a small 4.5 kg [[PrOP-M]] rover on board, which would have moved across the surface on [[skis]] while connected to the lander with a 15-meter umbilical. Two small metal rods were used for autonomous obstacle avoidance, as radio signals from Earth would have taken too long to drive the rovers using remote control. The rover was planned to be placed on the surface after landing by a manipulator arm and to move in the field of view of the television cameras and stop to make measurements every 1.5 meters. The rover tracks in the Martian soil would also have been recorded to determine material properties. Because of the crash landing of Mars 2 and the communication failure (15 seconds post landing) of Mars 3, neither rover was deployed.
====Marsokhod====
The [[Marsokhod]] was a Soviet rover (hybrid, with both controls [[telecommand]] and automatic) aimed at Mars, part of the [[Mars 4NM]] and scheduled to commence after 1973 (according to the plans of 1970). It was to be launched by a [[N1 rocket]], which never flew successfully.<ref>[http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/content/numbers/213/50.shtml Советский грунт с Марса] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408175307/http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/content/numbers/213/50.shtml |date=April 8, 2010 }}</ref>
====''Sojourner''====
[[File:Sojourner on Mars PIA01122.jpg|thumb|''[[Sojourner (rover)|Sojourner]]'' on Mars in 1997]]
The [[Mars Pathfinder]] mission included ''[[Sojourner (rover)|Sojourner]]'', the first rover to successfully deploy on another planet. [[NASA]] launched Mars Pathfinder on 4 December 1996; it landed on Mars in a region called [[Chryse Planitia]] on 4 July 1997.<ref name="NASASojourner">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars-pathfinder/| title=Mars Pathfinder | publisher=NASA |access-date=2009-03-18}}</ref> From its landing until the final data transmission on 27 September 1997, Mars Pathfinder returned 16,500 images from the lander and 550 images from ''Sojourner'', as well as data from more than 15 chemical analyses of rocks and soil and extensive data on winds and other weather factors.<ref name="NASASojourner" />
====Beagle 2 ====
[[Beagle 2]] was designed to explore Mars with a small "mole" (Planetary Undersurface Tool, or PLUTO), to be deployed by the arm. PLUTO had a compressed spring mechanism designed to enable it to move across the surface at a rate of 20 mm per second and to burrow into the ground, collecting a subsurface sample in a cavity in its tip. Beagle 2 failed while attempting to land on Mars in 2003.
====Mars Exploration Rover ''Spirit'' ====
[[File:NASA Mars Rover.jpg|thumb|[[Mars Exploration Rover]]]]
[[Spirit (rover)|''Spirit'']] is a [[Mars rover|robotic rover on Mars]], active from 2004 to 2010. It was one of two rovers of [[NASA]]'s ongoing [[Mars Exploration Rover]] mission. It landed successfully on [[Mars]] at 04:35 [[Ground UTC]] on January 4, 2004, three weeks before its twin, ''[[Opportunity (rover)|Opportunity]]'' (MER-B), landed on the other side of the planet. Its name was chosen through a [[Mars Exploration Rover#Naming of Spirit and Opportunity|NASA-sponsored student essay competition]]. The rover became stuck in late 2009, and its last communication with Earth was sent on March 22, 2010.
====Mars Exploration Rover ''Opportunity''====
[[Opportunity (rover)|''Opportunity'']] is a [[Mars rover|robotic rover on the planet Mars]], active from 2004 to early 2019. Launched from [[Earth]] on July 7, 2003, it landed on the [[Mars|Martian]] [[Meridiani Planum]] on January 25, 2004, at 05:05 [[Ground UTC]] (about 13:15 [[Timekeeping on Mars|local time]]), three weeks after its twin ''[[Spirit (rover)|Spirit]]'' (MER-A) touched down on the other side of the planet. On July 28, 2014, NASA announced that ''Opportunity'', after having traveled over {{convert|25|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} on the planet [[Mars]], has set a new "off-world" record as the rover having driven the greatest distance, surpassing the previous record held by the Soviet Union's [[Lunokhod 2|Lunokhod 2 rover]] that had traveled {{convert|39|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="NASA-20140728a">{{cite web |last1=Webster |first1=Guy |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |title=NASA Long-Lived Mars Opportunity Rover Sets Off-World Driving Record |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-245 |date=July 28, 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=July 29, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="FRB-20140729">{{cite web |last=Knapp |first=Alex |title=NASA's Opportunity Rover Sets A Record For Off-World Driving |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2014/07/29/nasas-opportunity-rover-sets-a-record-for-off-world-driving |date=July 29, 2014 |work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=July 29, 2014}}</ref>
{{-}}
== Active rover missions ==
=== Mars ===
===Mars Science Laboratory Rover ''Curiosity''===
[[File:PIA16239 High-Resolution Self-Portrait by Curiosity Rover Arm Camera.jpg|thumb|Mars Science Laboratory ''Curiosity'' rover]]
On 26 November 2011, NASA's [[Mars Science Laboratory]] mission was successfully launched for Mars. The mission successfully landed the robotic ''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]]'' rover on the surface of Mars in August 2012. The rover is currently helping to determine whether Mars could ever have supported life, and search for evidence of past or present [[life on Mars (planet)|life on Mars]].<ref name="NASA-MSL">{{cite web |author=NASA Staff |title=Mars Science Laboratory |url=http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/ |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=26 November 2011 |access-date=2011-11-26 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-MSL">{{cite web |agency=Associated Press|title=NASA Launches Super-Size Rover to Mars: 'Go, Go!' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/11/26/science/AP-US-SCI-Mars-Rover.html |work=[[New York Times]] |date=26 November 2011 |access-date=2011-11-26 }}</ref>
=== Mars 2020 ''Perseverance'' rover ===
NASA's ''[[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]]'' rover is a part of the [[Mars 2020]] mission, launched in 2020 and landed on Mars on February 18, 2021. It is intended to investigate an [[astrobiology|astrobiologically]] relevant ancient environment on Mars, investigate its surface [[Geology of Mars|geological processes]] and history, including the assessment of its past [[Planetary habitability|habitability]] and potential for preservation of [[biosignature]]s within accessible geological materials.<ref name="Cowing">{{cite web | url = http://spaceref.com/mars/science-definition-team-for-the-2020-mars-rover.html | title = Science Definition Team for the 2020 Mars Rover | access-date = 21 December 2012 | author = Keith Cowing | date = 21 December 2012 | work = NASA | publisher = Science Ref}}</ref>
=== Moon ===
===''Yutu-2''===
Chinese [[Chang'e 4]] mission launched 7 December 2018, landed and deployed rover 3 January 2019 on the [[far side of the Moon]]. It was the first ever rover that operates on the far side of the Moon.
In December 2019, ''Yutu 2'' broke the lunar longevity record, previously held by the Soviet Union's ''[[Lunokhod 1]]'' rover,<ref>[https://www.space.com/china-change-4-rover-moon-record.html China's Farside Moon Rover Breaks Lunar Longevity Record.] Leonard David, ''Space.com''. 12 December 2019.</ref> which operated on the lunar surface for eleven lunar days (321 Earth days) and traversed a total distance of {{cvt|10.54|km}}.<ref>Howell, Elizabeth (December 19, 2016). "[https://www.space.com/35090-lunokhod-1.html Lunokhod 1: 1st Successful Lunar Rover"], Space.com. Retrieved May 31, 2018.</ref>
In February 2020, Chinese astronomers reported, for the first time, a high-resolution image of a [[Geology of the Moon#Geologic history|lunar ejecta sequence]], and, as well, direct analysis of its internal architecture. These were based on observations made by the [[Ground-penetrating radar|Lunar Penetrating Radar]] (LPR) on board the ''Yutu-2'' rover while studying the [[far side of the Moon]].<ref name="NYT-20200226">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=China's Rover Finds Layers of Surprise Under Moon's Far Side - The Chang'e-4 mission, the first to land on the lunar far side, is demonstrating the promise and peril of using ground-penetrating radar in planetary science. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/26/science/china-moon-far-side.html |date=26 February 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=27 February 2020 }}</ref><ref name="SA-20200226">{{cite journal |author=Li, Chunlai |display-authors=et al. |title=The Moon's farside shallow subsurface structure unveiled by Chang'E-4 Lunar Penetrating Radar |date=26 February 2020 |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=eaay6898 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aay6898 |pmid=32133404 |pmc=7043921 |bibcode=2020SciA....6.6898L |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Planned rover missions==
{{Update section|date=August 2018}}
=== ''VIPER'' (Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover) ===
{{Main|VIPER (rover)}}
A lunar rover designed by NASA to land and operate on the lunar south pole. VIPER will prospect for lunar resources on the moon in the form of volatiles in permanently shaded regions. VIPER is planned to launch in November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-18 |title=NASA Replans CLPS Delivery of VIPER to 2024 to Reduce Risk - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/nasa-replans-clps-delivery-of-viper-to-2024-to-reduce-risk-2/ |access-date=2024-02-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== ExoMars ''Rosalind Franklin'' ===
{{Main|Rosalind Franklin (rover)}}
The European Space Agency ([[European Space Agency|ESA]]) has designed and carried out early prototyping and testing of the ''[[Rosalind Franklin (rover)|Rosalind Franklin]]'' rover. As a result of [[Russia|Russia's]] [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion]] of [[Ukraine]], [[European Space Agency|ESA]] severed ties with [[Roscosmos]] and was left without a launch vehicle for this mission. The mission now plans to launch no earlier than (NET) 2028 with a landing around 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAQ: The 'rebirth' of ESA's ExoMars Rosalind Franklin mission |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/FAQ_The_rebirth_of_ESA_s_ExoMars_Rosalind_Franklin_mission |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies]]
* [[Google Lunar X Prize]]
* [[Lander (spacecraft)]]
* [[LORAX]]
* [[Lunar rover]]
* [[Mars rover]] ([[Crewed Mars rover|Crewed]])
* ''[[Tank on the Moon]]'', 2007 documentary film
== References ==
{{Commons category|Rovers (space exploration)}}
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Mars spacecraft}}
{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{Mars rovers}}
{{Lunar Rovers}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rover (Space Exploration)}}
[[Category:Off-road vehicles]]
[[Category:Spacecraft]]
[[Category:Planetary rovers| ]]
[[Category:Soviet inventions]]
[[Category:Russian inventions]]
[[Category:Space robots]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Space exploration vehicle designed to move across the surface of a planet or other celestial body}}
{{for|more specific instances|Lunar rover|Mars rover}}
{{Other uses|Rover (disambiguation){{!}}Rover}}
[[Image:PIA15279 3rovers-stand D2011 1215 D521.jpg|thumb|400px|Three different [[Mars rover]] designs: [[Sojourner (rover)|''Sojourner'']], [[Mars Exploration Rover|MER]] and [[Curiosity Rover|''Curiosity'']]]]
[[File:Pia21486curiowheelpopping.jpg|thumb|''Curiosity''{{'}}s wheels on Mars, 2017]]
[[File:OutOfThisWorldRecordsModified.jpg|thumb|300px|Comparison of distances driven by various wheeled vehicles on the surface of the [[Moon]] and [[Mars]]]]
A '''rover''' (or sometimes '''planetary rover''') is a [[planetary surface]] [[exploration]] device designed to move over the rough surface of a [[planet]] or other [[planetary mass]] [[celestial bodies]]. Some rovers have been designed as [[land vehicle]]s to transport members of a [[human spaceflight]] crew; others have been partially or fully [[autonomous robot]]s. Rovers are typically created to land on another planet (other than [[Earth]]) via a [[lander (spacecraft)|lander]]-style [[spacecraft]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://airandspace.si.edu/research/ceps/etp/tools/tools_rover.html|title=Exploring The Planets - Tools of Exploration - Rovers|date=2002|publisher=[[National Air and Space Museum|Air and Space Museum]]|access-date=3 January 2013|archive-date=25 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725134610/http://airandspace.si.edu/research/ceps/etp/tools/tools_rover.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> tasked to collect information about the terrain, and to take [[crust (geology)|crust]] samples such as dust, soil, rocks, and even liquids. They are essential tools in [[space exploration]].
== Features ==
Rovers arrive on spacecraft and are used in conditions very distinct from those on the Earth, which makes some demands on their design.
=== Reliability ===
Rovers have to withstand high levels of acceleration, high and low temperatures, [[pressure]], dust, [[corrosion]], [[cosmic rays]], remaining functional without repair for a needed period of time.
[[File:Sojourner in cruise configuration.gif|thumb|left|150px|Mars rover ''[[Sojourner (rover)|Sojourner]]'' in cruise configuration]]
=== Autonomy ===
Rovers which land on celestial bodies far from the Earth, such as the [[Mars Exploration Rovers]], cannot be remotely controlled in real-time since the [[speed of light|speed at which radio signals travel]] is far too slow for ''real-time'' or ''near-real-time'' communication. For example, sending a signal from Mars to Earth takes between 3 and 21 minutes. These rovers are thus capable of operating [[Autonomous robot|autonomously]] with little assistance from ground control as far as [[Autonomous robot#Outdoor autonomous position-sensing and navigation|navigation]] and [[data acquisition]] are concerned, although they still require human input for identifying promising targets in the distance to which to drive, and determining how to position itself to maximize solar energy.<ref name="Schirber">{{cite news | author = Michael Schirber | title = Rovers of the future may make decisions on their own | date = 8 July 2012 | publisher = Mother Nature Network | url = http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/space/stories/rovers-of-the-future-may-make-decisions-on-their-own | work = Astrobiology Magazine }}</ref> Giving a rover some rudimentary visual identification capabilities to make simple distinctions can allow engineers to speed up the reconnaissance.<ref name="Schirber" /> During the NASA Sample Return Robot Centennial Challenge, a rover, named ''Cataglyphis'', successfully demonstrated autonomous navigation, decision-making, and sample detection, retrieval, and return capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/centennial_challenges/feature/2016_sample_return_robot_challenge_award.html|title=NASA Awards $750K in Sample Return Robot Challenge|last=Hall|first=Loura|date=2016-09-08|access-date=2016-09-17}}</ref>
=== Non-wheeled approaches ===
Other rover designs that do not use wheeled approaches are possible. Mechanisms that utilize "walking" on [[robotic arm|robotic legs]], hopping, rolling, etc. are possible. For example, [[Stanford University]] researchers have proposed "Hedgehog", a small [[cube]]-shaped rover that can controlla cock sucking nigger bly hop—or even spin out of a sandy sinkhole by corkscrewing upward to escape—for surface exploration of [[low gravity]] celestial bodies.<ref name=physorg20160208>{{cite news |last=Chipman |first=Ian |url=http://phys.org/news/2016-02-hedgehog-cube-like-rover-exploration-asteroids.html |title=Meet "Hedgehog": Engineers build cube-like rover for exploration of asteroids, comets |work=[[Phys.org]] |date=2016-02-08 |access-date=2016-02-11 }}</ref>
== Past missions ==
[[File:moonLanderLola16.png|thumb|right|300px|Landing sites of sample return and rover missions]]
=== Moon ===
====Lunokhod 0 (No.201)====
The Soviet rover was intended to be the first roving remote-controlled [[robot]] on the [[Moon]], but crashed during a failed start of the launcher 19 February 1969.
====Lunokhod 1====
[[File:Soviet moonrover.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Lunokhod 1]] Lunar Rover]]
The [[Lunokhod 1]] rover landed on the Moon in November 1970.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lunar Lost & Found: The Search for Old Spacecraft|date=27 March 2006 |url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060327_mystery_monday.html|publisher=www.space.com|access-date=2009-03-18}}</ref> It was the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on any celestial body. The [[Soviet Union]] launched Lunokhod 1 aboard the [[Luna 17]] spacecraft on November 10, 1970, and it entered lunar orbit on November 15. The spacecraft soft-landed in the [[Sea of Rains]] region on November 17. The lander had dual ramps from which Lunokhod 1 could descend to the lunar surface, which it did at 06:28 UT. From November 17, 1970, to November 22, 1970, the rover drove 197 m, and during 10 communication sessions returned 14 close up pictures of the Moon and 12 panoramic views. It also analyzed the lunar soil. The last successful communications session with Lunokhod 1 was on September 14, 1971. Having worked for 11 months,<ref>{{cite web|title=Luna 17 and Lunokhod 1
|url=http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Luna/Luna17.php
|publisher=www.zarya.info
|access-date=2009-08-23}}
</ref>
====Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle====
[[File:Apollo15LunarRover.jpg|thumb|right|Apollo 15 [[Lunar Roving Vehicle]]]]
NASA included [[Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle|Lunar Roving Vehicle]]s in three [[Apollo program|Apollo]] missions: [[Apollo 15]] (which landed on the Moon July 30, 1971), [[Apollo 16]] (which landed April 21, 1972), and [[Apollo 17]] (which landed December 11, 1972).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/docs/ApolloCat/Part1/LRV.htm|title=Experiment: Lunar Rover Vehicle|publisher=Ares.jsc.nasa.gov|access-date=2009-03-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320185219/http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/docs/ApolloCat/Part1/LRV.htm|archive-date=2009-03-20}}</ref>
====Lunokhod 2====
[[File:Lunokhod-2 model.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Lunokhod 2]] lunar rover]]
The [[Lunokhod 2]] was the second of two uncrewed lunar rovers landed on the [[Moon]] by the [[Soviet Union]] as part of the [[Lunokhod program]]. The rover became operational on the [[Moon]] on January 16, 1973.<ref>{{cite web|title=Luna 21 and Lunokhod 2
|url=http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Luna/Luna21.php
|publisher=www.zarya.info
|access-date=2009-08-23}}
</ref>
It was the second roving remote-controlled [[robot]] to land on any celestial body. The [[Soviet Union]] launched Lunokhod 2 aboard the [[Luna 21]] spacecraft on January 8, 1973, and the spacecraft soft-landed in the eastern edge of the [[Mare Serenitatis]] region on January 15, 1973. Lunokhod 2 descended from the lander's dual ramps to the lunar surface at 01:14 UT on January 16, 1973. Lunokhod 2 operated for about four months, covered {{convert|39|km|mi|abbr=on}} of terrain, including hilly [[highland (geography)|upland]] areas and [[rille]]s, and sent back 86 panoramic images and over 80,000 TV pictures.<ref name="2004Lunokhod2Airandspace">{{cite news |title=The Other Moon Landings |url=http://www.airspacemag.com/space-exploration/other-moon.html |access-date=May 25, 2013 |author=Andrew Chaikin |publisher=[[Air & Space/Smithsonian]] |date=March 1, 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140511103222/http://www.airspacemag.com/space/the-other-moon-landings-6457729/ |archive-date=May 11, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="2012Lunokhod2Register">{{cite news |title=New NASA snap of game developer's electric cart FOUND ON MOON: Probe in low pass over Garriott's radioactive tub-rover |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/03/16/moon_detailed_pic_landing_site_rover/ |author=Lewis Page |publisher=The Register |date=March 16, 2012 |access-date=May 25, 2013}}</ref><ref name="2012Lunokhod2Revisted">{{cite news |title=Lunokhod 2 Revisited |url=http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/news/?archives/537-Lunokhod-2-Revisited.html |publisher=NASA |date=March 13, 2012 |access-date=May 25, 2013}}</ref> Based on wheel rotations Lunokhod 2 was thought to have covered {{convert|37|km|mi|abbr=on}} but Russian scientists at the Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (MIIGAiK) have revised that to an estimated distance of about {{convert|42.1-42.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} based on Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ([[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter|LRO]]) images of the lunar surface.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2013/06211627-opportunity-lunokhod-record.html |title=Is Opportunity near Lunokhod's distance record? Not as close as we used to think! |publisher=The Planetary Society |last1=Lakdawalla |first1=Emily |date=June 21, 2013 |access-date=June 26, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Witze |first1=Alexandra |title=Space rovers in record race |journal=Nature |volume=498 |issue=7454 |pages=284–285 |publisher=Nature News |date=June 19, 2013 |doi=10.1038/498284a |pmid=23783609 |bibcode=2013Natur.498..284W |doi-access=free }}</ref> Subsequent discussions with their American counterparts ended with an agreed-upon final distance of {{convert|39|km|mi|abbr=on}}, which has stuck since.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/its-official-nasa-confirms-mars-opportunity-rover-has-broken-the-off-world-driving-record/32813/|title=Opportunity breaks off-world driving record!|first=S.|last=Sutherland|website=The Weather Network|date=July 29, 2014|access-date=January 20, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/774|title=Trundling Across the Moon|website=lroc.sese.asu.edu}}</ref>
====Lunokhod 3====
The Soviet rover was intended to be the third roving remote-controlled robot on the Moon in 1977. The mission was canceled due to lack of launcher availability and funding, although the rover was built.
====''Yutu''====
[[File:Yutu rover.jpg|thumb|alt=Yutu rover on lunar surface|''[[Yutu rover|Yutu]]'' rover on lunar surface]]
[[Chang'e 3]] is a Chinese Moon mission that includes a robotic rover [[Yutu (rover)|''Yutu'']], named after the pet rabbit of [[Chang'e]], the goddess of the Moon in Chinese mythology. Launched in 2013 with the [[Chang'e 3]] mission, it is China's first lunar rover, the first soft landing on the Moon since 1976 and the first rover to operate there since the Soviet [[Lunokhod 2]] ceased operations on 11 May 1973.<ref name="Molnár-May2013">{{cite news | first=László | last=Molnár | title=Chang'e-3 revealed – and its massive! | date=24 May 2013 | url=http://www.pulispace.com/en/media/news/231-change-3-revealed-and-its-massive | work=Pull Space Technologies | access-date=16 January 2018 | archive-date=6 June 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606034406/http://www.pulispace.com/en/media/news/231-change-3-revealed-and-its-massive | url-status=dead }}</ref> It was deployed on the Moon on December 14, 2013, and the rover encountered operational difficulties toward the end of the second lunar day<ref name="abnormality">{{cite news | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-25/an-china27s-moon-rover2c-jade-rabbit2c-has-27abnormality27/5218986 | title=China's first moon rover has experienced a "mechanical control abnormality | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date=26 January 2014 }}</ref> after surviving and recovering successfully the first 14-day lunar night (about a month on the Moon),<ref name="back">{{cite news|first=Alan |last=Boyle |title=Chinese moon lander and rover wake up after weeks of sleep |date=12 January 2014 |publisher=NBC News |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/science/chinese-moon-lander-rover-wake-after-weeks-sleep-2D11909188 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114045936/http://www.nbcnews.com/science/chinese-moon-lander-rover-wake-after-weeks-sleep-2D11909188 |archive-date=14 January 2014 }}</ref> and was unable to move after the end of the second lunar night, though it continued to gather useful information for some months afterward.<ref name="Not dead yet">{{cite news | first=Euan | last=McKirdy | title=Down but not out: Jade Rabbit comes back from the dead | date=13 February 2014 | url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/12/world/asia/jade-rabbit-resurrection/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 | work=CNN }}</ref> In October 2015, ''Yutu'' set the record for the longest operational period for a rover on the Moon.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://spacenews.com/chinas-immobile-rover-passes-a-purely-figurative-milestone/ |title= China's Immobile Rover Passes a Purely Figurative Milestone |author= Jeff Foust |date= 30 October 2015 |publisher= SpaceNews }}</ref> On 31 July 2016, ''Yutu'' ceased to operate after a total of 31 months, well beyond its original expected lifespan of three months.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-10/29/c_134763460.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151102022438/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-10/29/c_134763460.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= November 2, 2015 |title= China's first moon rover sets record for longest stay |date= 29 October 2015 |author= An |publisher= Xinhua }}</ref>
{{clear}}
===''Pragyan'' (Chandrayaan-2 rover)===
{{Main|Chandrayaan-2|Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)}}
[[Chandrayaan-2]] was the second lunar mission by India, consisting of a lunar orbiter, a lander named [[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|''Vikram'']], and a rover named [[Chandrayaan-2#Pragyan rover|''Pragyan'']]. The rover weighing 27 kg,<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183103 |title=ISRO to send first Indian into Space by 2022 as announced by PM, says Dr Jitendra Singh| website=pib.nic.in| access-date=2018-08-29}}</ref> had six wheels and was to be operated on [[solar power]].<ref name="duration">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/sac-to-deliver-eyes-and-ears-of-chandrayaan-2-by-2015-end |title=ISRO to deliver "eyes and ears" of Chandrayaan-2 by 2015-end |work=The Indian Express |first=Avinash |last=Nair |date=31 May 2015 |access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref> Launched on 22 July 2019, the mission entered lunar orbit on August 20. ''Pragyan'' was destroyed along with its lander, ''Vikram'', when it crash-landed on the Moon on 6 September 2019 and never got the chance to deploy.<ref name='L Update'>{{Cite web|title = Chandrayaan - 2 Latest Update|url = https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|date = September 7, 2019|access-date = September 11, 2019|website = isro.gov.in|archive-date = September 8, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908052939/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="Hard landing TOI">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms Vikram lander located on lunar surface, wasn't a soft landing: Isro.] ''Times of India''. 8 September 2019.</ref>
===Rashid ===
{{main|Emirates Lunar Mission}}
Rashid was a lunar rover built by [[Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre|MBRSC]] to be launched onboard [[ispace (Japanese company)|Ispace]]'s lander called Hakuto-R. The rover was launched in November 2022, but was destroyed as the lander crash landed in April 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nasir |first=Sarwat |date=19 September 2022 |title=Launch window for UAE Moon mission revealed |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/uae-in-space/2022/09/19/launch-window-for-uae-moon-mission-revealed/ |access-date=20 September 2022 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]}}</ref> It was equipped with two high-resolution cameras, a microscopic camera to capture small details, and a thermal imaging camera. The rover carried a [[Langmuir probe]], designed to study the Moon's plasma and will attempt to explain why Moon dust is so sticky.<ref name="cnn">{{Cite web |date=24 November 2020 |title=UAE hopes this tiny lunar rover will discover unexplored parts of the moon |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/24/middleeast/uae-moon-rover-mission-scn-spc-intl/index.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref> The rover was supposed to study the lunar surface, mobility on the Moon’s surface and how different surfaces interact with lunar particles.<ref name="abc">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2021 |title=UAE sets new ambitious timeline for launch of moon rover |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/uae-sets-ambitious-timeline-launch-moon-rover-77065653 |publisher=ABC News}}</ref>
===SORA-Q (Hakuto-R Mission 1 Rover)===
{{main|ispace (Japanese company)}}
[[Takara Tomy]], [[JAXA]] and [[Doshisha University]] made a rover to be launched onboard [[ispace (Japanese company)|Ispace]]'s lander called Hakuto-R. It was launched in 2022, but was destroyed as the lander crash landed in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Elizabeth Howell |date=2021-05-27 |title=Japan will send a transforming robot ball to the moon to test lunar rover tech |url=https://www.space.com/japan-transformable-moon-robot-ispace-2022-lunar-lander |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2021/05/20210527-1_e.html |title=Data Acquisition on the Lunar Surface with a Transformable Lunar Robot, Assisting Development of the Crewed Pressurized Rover |work=[[JAXA]] |date=27 May 2021 |access-date=14 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This is the Lunar Excursion Vehicle (LEV-2) which will ride to the Moon on the JAXA SLIM spacecraft in the near future |url=https://twitter.com/shuttlealmanac/status/1583763766898208768 |access-date=November 8, 2022 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>
===''Pragyan'' (Chandrayaan-3 rover)===
[[Chandrayaan-3]] is a mission by India's space agency ([[ISRO]]), consisting of a lunar lander and the [[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)|Pragyan rover]]. It was a re-attempt to demonstrate soft landing, following the failure of [[Chandrayaan-2]]'s ''Vikram'' lander. It was launched on 14 July 2023 on the [[LVM3|LVM-3]] launch vehicle and has soft landed near south pole of moon August 23 at 6.04 PM IST. The 26 kg 6 wheeled rover Pragyan has descend from lander belly, on to the moon surface, using one of its side panels as a ramp. The rover will carry out in-situ chemical analysis of the lunar surface during its course of its mobility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LVM-3 {{!}} Chandrayaan-3 |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/NextSpaceflight.com/launches/details/3092 |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=nextspaceflight.com |language=en}}</ref> The rover was deployed on 23 September<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravisetti |first=Monisha |date=2023-08-28 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 takes the moon's temperature near lunar south pole for 1st time |url=https://www.space.com/chandrayaan-3-moon-temperature-lunar-south-pole-first-time |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref> and was put into sleep mode after completing all its objectives on 3 September. It later died during that lunar night.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaturvedi |first=Arpan |date=2023-09-03 |title=Mission accomplished, India puts moon rover to 'sleep' |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/mission-accomplished-india-puts-moon-rover-sleep-2023-09-03/ |access-date=2023-11-24}}</ref>
===Peregrine Mission One===
{{Main|Peregrine Mission One}}
Peregrine launched towards the Moon on 8 January 2024, taking with it 5 [[Colmena]] rovers and a ''[[CubeRover#Iris|Iris]]'' rover.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Belam |first=Martin |date=2024-01-08 |title=Nasa Peregrine 1 launch: Vulcan Centaur rocket carrying Nasa moon lander lifts off in Florida – live updates |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2024/jan/08/nasa-peregrine-1-launch-rocket-moon-latest-news-updates-live |access-date=2024-01-08 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> After separation from the launch vehicle a fault occurred preventing it from completing its mission. The spacecraft instead returned to [[Atmospheric entry|Earth's atmosphere]], where it disintegrated on 18 January.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Jackie Wattles, Kristin |date=2024-01-08 |title=Peregrine mission abandons Moon landing attempt after suffering 'critical' fuel loss |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/08/world/peregrine-lunar-lander-anomaly-astrobotic-nasa-scn/index.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
===SLIM===
{{Main|Smart Lander for Investigating Moon}}
The SLIM lander has two rovers onboard, Lunar Excursion Vehicle 1 (LEV-1) (hopper) and Lunar Excursion Vehicle 2 (LEV-2), a tiny rover developed by JAXA in joint cooperation with [[Tomy]], [[Sony Group]], and [[Doshisha University]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hirano |first=Daichi |url=https://global.jaxa.jp/activity/pr/jaxas/no088/03.html |title=Palm-Sized Lunar Excursion Vehicle 2 (LEV-2) |work=[[JAXA]] |date=7 October 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref> The first rover has direct-to-Earth communication. The second rover is designed to change its shape to traverse around the landing site over a short lifespan of two hours. SLIM was launched on September 6, 2023, and reached lunar orbit on 25 December 2023. They two rovers were successfully deployed and landed separately from SLIM shortly before it own landing on 19 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=2024-01-19 |title=Japan Becomes Fifth Country to Land on the Moon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/01/12/science/japan-moon-landing-slim |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> LEV-1 conducted six hops on lunar surface and LEV-2 imaged SLIM lander on lunar surface.<ref>{{Citation |title=小型月着陸実証機（SLIM）および小型プローブ（LEV）の月面着陸の結果・成果等 の記者会見 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U61i0wN01Uk |access-date=2024-01-25 |language=en}}</ref>
===Mars===
====PrOP-M====
The Soviet [[Mars 2]] and [[Mars 3]] landers each had a small 4.5 kg [[PrOP-M]] rover on board, which would have moved across the surface on [[skis]] while connected to the lander with a 15-meter umbilical. Two small metal rods were used for autonomous obstacle avoidance, as radio signals from Earth would have taken too long to drive the rovers using remote control. The rover was planned to be placed on the surface after landing by a manipulator arm and to move in the field of view of the television cameras and stop to make measurements every 1.5 meters. The rover tracks in the Martian soil would also have been recorded to determine material properties. Because of the crash landing of Mars 2 and the communication failure (15 seconds post landing) of Mars 3, neither rover was deployed.
====Marsokhod====
The [[Marsokhod]] was a Soviet rover (hybrid, with both controls [[telecommand]] and automatic) aimed at Mars, part of the [[Mars 4NM]] and scheduled to commence after 1973 (according to the plans of 1970). It was to be launched by a [[N1 rocket]], which never flew successfully.<ref>[http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/content/numbers/213/50.shtml Советский грунт с Марса] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408175307/http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/content/numbers/213/50.shtml |date=April 8, 2010 }}</ref>
====''Sojourner''====
[[File:Sojourner on Mars PIA01122.jpg|thumb|''[[Sojourner (rover)|Sojourner]]'' on Mars in 1997]]
The [[Mars Pathfinder]] mission included ''[[Sojourner (rover)|Sojourner]]'', the first rover to successfully deploy on another planet. [[NASA]] launched Mars Pathfinder on 4 December 1996; it landed on Mars in a region called [[Chryse Planitia]] on 4 July 1997.<ref name="NASASojourner">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars-pathfinder/| title=Mars Pathfinder | publisher=NASA |access-date=2009-03-18}}</ref> From its landing until the final data transmission on 27 September 1997, Mars Pathfinder returned 16,500 images from the lander and 550 images from ''Sojourner'', as well as data from more than 15 chemical analyses of rocks and soil and extensive data on winds and other weather factors.<ref name="NASASojourner" />
====Beagle 2 ====
[[Beagle 2]] was designed to explore Mars with a small "mole" (Planetary Undersurface Tool, or PLUTO), to be deployed by the arm. PLUTO had a compressed spring mechanism designed to enable it to move across the surface at a rate of 20 mm per second and to burrow into the ground, collecting a subsurface sample in a cavity in its tip. Beagle 2 failed while attempting to land on Mars in 2003.
====Mars Exploration Rover ''Spirit'' ====
[[File:NASA Mars Rover.jpg|thumb|[[Mars Exploration Rover]]]]
[[Spirit (rover)|''Spirit'']] is a [[Mars rover|robotic rover on Mars]], active from 2004 to 2010. It was one of two rovers of [[NASA]]'s ongoing [[Mars Exploration Rover]] mission. It landed successfully on [[Mars]] at 04:35 [[Ground UTC]] on January 4, 2004, three weeks before its twin, ''[[Opportunity (rover)|Opportunity]]'' (MER-B), landed on the other side of the planet. Its name was chosen through a [[Mars Exploration Rover#Naming of Spirit and Opportunity|NASA-sponsored student essay competition]]. The rover became stuck in late 2009, and its last communication with Earth was sent on March 22, 2010.
====Mars Exploration Rover ''Opportunity''====
[[Opportunity (rover)|''Opportunity'']] is a [[Mars rover|robotic rover on the planet Mars]], active from 2004 to early 2019. Launched from [[Earth]] on July 7, 2003, it landed on the [[Mars|Martian]] [[Meridiani Planum]] on January 25, 2004, at 05:05 [[Ground UTC]] (about 13:15 [[Timekeeping on Mars|local time]]), three weeks after its twin ''[[Spirit (rover)|Spirit]]'' (MER-A) touched down on the other side of the planet. On July 28, 2014, NASA announced that ''Opportunity'', after having traveled over {{convert|25|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} on the planet [[Mars]], has set a new "off-world" record as the rover having driven the greatest distance, surpassing the previous record held by the Soviet Union's [[Lunokhod 2|Lunokhod 2 rover]] that had traveled {{convert|39|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="NASA-20140728a">{{cite web |last1=Webster |first1=Guy |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |title=NASA Long-Lived Mars Opportunity Rover Sets Off-World Driving Record |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-245 |date=July 28, 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |access-date=July 29, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="FRB-20140729">{{cite web |last=Knapp |first=Alex |title=NASA's Opportunity Rover Sets A Record For Off-World Driving |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2014/07/29/nasas-opportunity-rover-sets-a-record-for-off-world-driving |date=July 29, 2014 |work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=July 29, 2014}}</ref>
{{-}}
== Active rover missions ==
=== Mars ===
===Mars Science Laboratory Rover ''Curiosity''===
[[File:PIA16239 High-Resolution Self-Portrait by Curiosity Rover Arm Camera.jpg|thumb|Mars Science Laboratory ''Curiosity'' rover]]
On 26 November 2011, NASA's [[Mars Science Laboratory]] mission was successfully launched for Mars. The mission successfully landed the robotic ''[[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]]'' rover on the surface of Mars in August 2012. The rover is currently helping to determine whether Mars could ever have supported life, and search for evidence of past or present [[life on Mars (planet)|life on Mars]].<ref name="NASA-MSL">{{cite web |author=NASA Staff |title=Mars Science Laboratory |url=http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/ |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=26 November 2011 |access-date=2011-11-26 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-MSL">{{cite web |agency=Associated Press|title=NASA Launches Super-Size Rover to Mars: 'Go, Go!' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/11/26/science/AP-US-SCI-Mars-Rover.html |work=[[New York Times]] |date=26 November 2011 |access-date=2011-11-26 }}</ref>
=== Mars 2020 ''Perseverance'' rover ===
NASA's ''[[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]]'' rover is a part of the [[Mars 2020]] mission, launched in 2020 and landed on Mars on February 18, 2021. It is intended to investigate an [[astrobiology|astrobiologically]] relevant ancient environment on Mars, investigate its surface [[Geology of Mars|geological processes]] and history, including the assessment of its past [[Planetary habitability|habitability]] and potential for preservation of [[biosignature]]s within accessible geological materials.<ref name="Cowing">{{cite web | url = http://spaceref.com/mars/science-definition-team-for-the-2020-mars-rover.html | title = Science Definition Team for the 2020 Mars Rover | access-date = 21 December 2012 | author = Keith Cowing | date = 21 December 2012 | work = NASA | publisher = Science Ref}}</ref>
=== Moon ===
===''Yutu-2''===
Chinese [[Chang'e 4]] mission launched 7 December 2018, landed and deployed rover 3 January 2019 on the [[far side of the Moon]]. It was the first ever rover that operates on the far side of the Moon.
In December 2019, ''Yutu 2'' broke the lunar longevity record, previously held by the Soviet Union's ''[[Lunokhod 1]]'' rover,<ref>[https://www.space.com/china-change-4-rover-moon-record.html China's Farside Moon Rover Breaks Lunar Longevity Record.] Leonard David, ''Space.com''. 12 December 2019.</ref> which operated on the lunar surface for eleven lunar days (321 Earth days) and traversed a total distance of {{cvt|10.54|km}}.<ref>Howell, Elizabeth (December 19, 2016). "[https://www.space.com/35090-lunokhod-1.html Lunokhod 1: 1st Successful Lunar Rover"], Space.com. Retrieved May 31, 2018.</ref>
In February 2020, Chinese astronomers reported, for the first time, a high-resolution image of a [[Geology of the Moon#Geologic history|lunar ejecta sequence]], and, as well, direct analysis of its internal architecture. These were based on observations made by the [[Ground-penetrating radar|Lunar Penetrating Radar]] (LPR) on board the ''Yutu-2'' rover while studying the [[far side of the Moon]].<ref name="NYT-20200226">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=China's Rover Finds Layers of Surprise Under Moon's Far Side - The Chang'e-4 mission, the first to land on the lunar far side, is demonstrating the promise and peril of using ground-penetrating radar in planetary science. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/26/science/china-moon-far-side.html |date=26 February 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=27 February 2020 }}</ref><ref name="SA-20200226">{{cite journal |author=Li, Chunlai |display-authors=et al. |title=The Moon's farside shallow subsurface structure unveiled by Chang'E-4 Lunar Penetrating Radar |date=26 February 2020 |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=eaay6898 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aay6898 |pmid=32133404 |pmc=7043921 |bibcode=2020SciA....6.6898L |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Planned rover missions==
{{Update section|date=August 2018}}
=== ''VIPER'' (Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover) ===
{{Main|VIPER (rover)}}
A lunar rover designed by NASA to land and operate on the lunar south pole. VIPER will prospect for lunar resources on the moon in the form of volatiles in permanently shaded regions. VIPER is planned to launch in November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-18 |title=NASA Replans CLPS Delivery of VIPER to 2024 to Reduce Risk - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/nasa-replans-clps-delivery-of-viper-to-2024-to-reduce-risk-2/ |access-date=2024-02-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== ExoMars ''Rosalind Franklin'' ===
{{Main|Rosalind Franklin (rover)}}
The European Space Agency ([[European Space Agency|ESA]]) has designed and carried out early prototyping and testing of the ''[[Rosalind Franklin (rover)|Rosalind Franklin]]'' rover. As a result of [[Russia|Russia's]] [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion]] of [[Ukraine]], [[European Space Agency|ESA]] severed ties with [[Roscosmos]] and was left without a launch vehicle for this mission. The mission now plans to launch no earlier than (NET) 2028 with a landing around 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAQ: The 'rebirth' of ESA's ExoMars Rosalind Franklin mission |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/FAQ_The_rebirth_of_ESA_s_ExoMars_Rosalind_Franklin_mission |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies]]
* [[Google Lunar X Prize]]
* [[Lander (spacecraft)]]
* [[LORAX]]
* [[Lunar rover]]
* [[Mars rover]] ([[Crewed Mars rover|Crewed]])
* ''[[Tank on the Moon]]'', 2007 documentary film
== References ==
{{Commons category|Rovers (space exploration)}}
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Mars spacecraft}}
{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{Mars rovers}}
{{Lunar Rovers}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rover (Space Exploration)}}
[[Category:Off-road vehicles]]
[[Category:Spacecraft]]
[[Category:Planetary rovers| ]]
[[Category:Soviet inventions]]
[[Category:Russian inventions]]
[[Category:Space robots]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -19,5 +19,5 @@
=== Non-wheeled approaches ===
-Other rover designs that do not use wheeled approaches are possible. Mechanisms that utilize "walking" on [[robotic arm|robotic legs]], hopping, rolling, etc. are possible. For example, [[Stanford University]] researchers have proposed "Hedgehog", a small [[cube]]-shaped rover that can controllably hop—or even spin out of a sandy sinkhole by corkscrewing upward to escape—for surface exploration of [[low gravity]] celestial bodies.<ref name=physorg20160208>{{cite news |last=Chipman |first=Ian |url=http://phys.org/news/2016-02-hedgehog-cube-like-rover-exploration-asteroids.html |title=Meet "Hedgehog": Engineers build cube-like rover for exploration of asteroids, comets |work=[[Phys.org]] |date=2016-02-08 |access-date=2016-02-11 }}</ref>
+Other rover designs that do not use wheeled approaches are possible. Mechanisms that utilize "walking" on [[robotic arm|robotic legs]], hopping, rolling, etc. are possible. For example, [[Stanford University]] researchers have proposed "Hedgehog", a small [[cube]]-shaped rover that can controlla cock sucking nigger bly hop—or even spin out of a sandy sinkhole by corkscrewing upward to escape—for surface exploration of [[low gravity]] celestial bodies.<ref name=physorg20160208>{{cite news |last=Chipman |first=Ian |url=http://phys.org/news/2016-02-hedgehog-cube-like-rover-exploration-asteroids.html |title=Meet "Hedgehog": Engineers build cube-like rover for exploration of asteroids, comets |work=[[Phys.org]] |date=2016-02-08 |access-date=2016-02-11 }}</ref>
== Past missions ==
' |
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0 => 'Other rover designs that do not use wheeled approaches are possible. Mechanisms that utilize "walking" on [[robotic arm|robotic legs]], hopping, rolling, etc. are possible. For example, [[Stanford University]] researchers have proposed "Hedgehog", a small [[cube]]-shaped rover that can controlla cock sucking nigger bly hop—or even spin out of a sandy sinkhole by corkscrewing upward to escape—for surface exploration of [[low gravity]] celestial bodies.<ref name=physorg20160208>{{cite news |last=Chipman |first=Ian |url=http://phys.org/news/2016-02-hedgehog-cube-like-rover-exploration-asteroids.html |title=Meet "Hedgehog": Engineers build cube-like rover for exploration of asteroids, comets |work=[[Phys.org]] |date=2016-02-08 |access-date=2016-02-11 }}</ref>'
] |
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0 => 'Other rover designs that do not use wheeled approaches are possible. Mechanisms that utilize "walking" on [[robotic arm|robotic legs]], hopping, rolling, etc. are possible. For example, [[Stanford University]] researchers have proposed "Hedgehog", a small [[cube]]-shaped rover that can controllably hop—or even spin out of a sandy sinkhole by corkscrewing upward to escape—for surface exploration of [[low gravity]] celestial bodies.<ref name=physorg20160208>{{cite news |last=Chipman |first=Ian |url=http://phys.org/news/2016-02-hedgehog-cube-like-rover-exploration-asteroids.html |title=Meet "Hedgehog": Engineers build cube-like rover for exploration of asteroids, comets |work=[[Phys.org]] |date=2016-02-08 |access-date=2016-02-11 }}</ref>'
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41 => 'https://www.space.com/chandrayaan-3-moon-temperature-lunar-south-pole-first-time',
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53 => 'https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2014/07/29/nasas-opportunity-rover-sets-a-record-for-off-world-driving',
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55 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/11/26/science/AP-US-SCI-Mars-Rover.html',
56 => 'http://spaceref.com/mars/science-definition-team-for-the-2020-mars-rover.html',
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66 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q643962#identifiers',
67 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/7743594-1'
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6 => 'http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2013/06211627-opportunity-lunokhod-record.html',
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13 => 'http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Luna/Luna17.php',
14 => 'https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/03/16/moon_detailed_pic_landing_site_rover/',
15 => 'https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2014/07/29/nasas-opportunity-rover-sets-a-record-for-off-world-driving',
16 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/7743594-1',
17 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090320185219/http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/docs/ApolloCat/Part1/LRV.htm',
18 => 'https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140511103222/http://www.airspacemag.com/space/the-other-moon-landings-6457729/',
19 => 'http://spaceref.com/mars/science-definition-team-for-the-2020-mars-rover.html',
20 => 'http://phys.org/news/2016-02-hedgehog-cube-like-rover-exploration-asteroids.html',
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25 => 'http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-25/an-china27s-moon-rover2c-jade-rabbit2c-has-27abnormality27/5218986',
26 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140114045936/http://www.nbcnews.com/science/chinese-moon-lander-rover-wake-after-weeks-sleep-2D11909188',
27 => 'http://www.nbcnews.com/science/chinese-moon-lander-rover-wake-after-weeks-sleep-2D11909188',
28 => 'http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/12/world/asia/jade-rabbit-resurrection/index.html?hpt=wo_c2',
29 => 'http://spacenews.com/chinas-immobile-rover-passes-a-purely-figurative-milestone/',
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35 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151102022438/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-10/29/c_134763460.htm',
36 => 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020SciA....6.6898L',
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40 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090725134610/http://airandspace.si.edu/research/ceps/etp/tools/tools_rover.html',
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42 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7043921',
43 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32133404',
44 => 'https://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/its-official-nasa-confirms-mars-opportunity-rover-has-broken-the-off-world-driving-record/32813/',
45 => 'http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/774',
46 => 'https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/ExoMars/FAQ_The_rebirth_of_ESA_s_ExoMars_Rosalind_Franklin_mission',
47 => 'https://www.space.com/chandrayaan-3-moon-temperature-lunar-south-pole-first-time',
48 => 'https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/mission-accomplished-india-puts-moon-rover-sleep-2023-09-03/',
49 => 'https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/NextSpaceflight.com/launches/details/3092',
50 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2024/jan/08/nasa-peregrine-1-launch-rocket-moon-latest-news-updates-live',
51 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077',
52 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/08/world/peregrine-lunar-lander-anomaly-astrobotic-nasa-scn/index.html',
53 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190908052939/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update',
54 => 'http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183103',
55 => 'http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/sac-to-deliver-eyes-and-ears-of-chandrayaan-2-by-2015-end',
56 => 'https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update',
57 => 'https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms',
58 => 'https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/uae-in-space/2022/09/19/launch-window-for-uae-moon-mission-revealed/',
59 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/24/middleeast/uae-moon-rover-mission-scn-spc-intl/index.html',
60 => 'https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/uae-sets-ambitious-timeline-launch-moon-rover-77065653',
61 => 'https://www.space.com/japan-transformable-moon-robot-ispace-2022-lunar-lander',
62 => 'https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2021/05/20210527-1_e.html',
63 => 'https://twitter.com/shuttlealmanac/status/1583763766898208768',
64 => 'https://global.jaxa.jp/activity/pr/jaxas/no088/03.html',
65 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/01/12/science/japan-moon-landing-slim',
66 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U61i0wN01Uk',
67 => 'https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/nasa-replans-clps-delivery-of-viper-to-2024-to-reduce-risk-2/'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Space exploration vehicle designed to move across the surface of a planet or other celestial body</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more specific instances, see <a href="/wiki/Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">Lunar rover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Mars rover</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rover_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rover (disambiguation)">Rover</a>.</div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA15279_3rovers-stand_D2011_1215_D521.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/PIA15279_3rovers-stand_D2011_1215_D521.jpg/400px-PIA15279_3rovers-stand_D2011_1215_D521.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/PIA15279_3rovers-stand_D2011_1215_D521.jpg/600px-PIA15279_3rovers-stand_D2011_1215_D521.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/PIA15279_3rovers-stand_D2011_1215_D521.jpg/800px-PIA15279_3rovers-stand_D2011_1215_D521.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5723" data-file-height="2889" /></a><figcaption>Three different <a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Mars rover</a> designs: <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_Rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosity Rover"><i>Curiosity</i></a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pia21486curiowheelpopping.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Pia21486curiowheelpopping.jpg/220px-Pia21486curiowheelpopping.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Pia21486curiowheelpopping.jpg/330px-Pia21486curiowheelpopping.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Pia21486curiowheelpopping.jpg/440px-Pia21486curiowheelpopping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption><i>Curiosity</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s wheels on Mars, 2017</figcaption></figure>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OutOfThisWorldRecordsModified.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/OutOfThisWorldRecordsModified.jpg/300px-OutOfThisWorldRecordsModified.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/OutOfThisWorldRecordsModified.jpg/450px-OutOfThisWorldRecordsModified.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/OutOfThisWorldRecordsModified.jpg/600px-OutOfThisWorldRecordsModified.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of distances driven by various wheeled vehicles on the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>A <b>rover</b> (or sometimes <b>planetary rover</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_surface" title="Planetary surface">planetary surface</a> <a href="/wiki/Exploration" title="Exploration">exploration</a> device designed to move over the rough surface of a <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Planetary_mass" title="Planetary mass">planetary mass</a> <a href="/wiki/Celestial_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial bodies">celestial bodies</a>. Some rovers have been designed as <a href="/wiki/Land_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Land vehicle">land vehicles</a> to transport members of a <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> crew; others have been partially or fully <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_robot" title="Autonomous robot">autonomous robots</a>. Rovers are typically created to land on another planet (other than <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>) via a <a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">lander</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> tasked to collect information about the terrain, and to take <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> samples such as dust, soil, rocks, and even liquids. They are essential tools in <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Features"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Features</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Reliability"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Reliability</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Autonomy"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Autonomy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Non-wheeled_approaches"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Non-wheeled approaches</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Past_missions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Past missions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Moon"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Moon</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Lunokhod_0_(No.201)"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Lunokhod 0 (No.201)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Lunokhod_1"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Lunokhod 1</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Apollo_Lunar_Roving_Vehicle"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Lunokhod_2"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Lunokhod 2</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Lunokhod_3"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Lunokhod 3</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Yutu"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.6</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Yutu</i></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2_rover)"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Pragyan</i> (Chandrayaan-2 rover)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Rashid"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Rashid</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#SORA-Q_(Hakuto-R_Mission_1_Rover)"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">SORA-Q (Hakuto-R Mission 1 Rover)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3_rover)"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Pragyan</i> (Chandrayaan-3 rover)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Peregrine_Mission_One"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Peregrine Mission One</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#SLIM"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">SLIM</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Mars"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Mars</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#PrOP-M"><span class="tocnumber">2.8.1</span> <span class="toctext">PrOP-M</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Marsokhod"><span class="tocnumber">2.8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Marsokhod</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Sojourner"><span class="tocnumber">2.8.3</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Sojourner</i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Beagle_2"><span class="tocnumber">2.8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Beagle 2</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Mars_Exploration_Rover_Spirit"><span class="tocnumber">2.8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Mars Exploration Rover <i>Spirit</i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Mars_Exploration_Rover_Opportunity"><span class="tocnumber">2.8.6</span> <span class="toctext">Mars Exploration Rover <i>Opportunity</i></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Active_rover_missions"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Active rover missions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Mars_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mars</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Mars_Science_Laboratory_Rover_Curiosity"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mars Science Laboratory Rover <i>Curiosity</i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Mars_2020_Perseverance_rover"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Mars 2020 <i>Perseverance</i> rover</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Moon_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Moon</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Yutu-2"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Yutu-2</i></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Planned_rover_missions"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Planned rover missions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#VIPER_(Volatiles_Investigating_Polar_Exploration_Rover)"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>VIPER</i> (Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#ExoMars_Rosalind_Franklin"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">ExoMars <i>Rosalind Franklin</i></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Features">Features</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Rovers arrive on spacecraft and are used in conditions very distinct from those on the Earth, which makes some demands on their design.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reliability">Reliability</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reliability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Rovers have to withstand high levels of acceleration, high and low temperatures, <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>, dust, <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic rays">cosmic rays</a>, remaining functional without repair for a needed period of time.
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<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sojourner_in_cruise_configuration.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sojourner_in_cruise_configuration.gif/150px-Sojourner_in_cruise_configuration.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sojourner_in_cruise_configuration.gif/225px-Sojourner_in_cruise_configuration.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sojourner_in_cruise_configuration.gif/300px-Sojourner_in_cruise_configuration.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Mars rover <i><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner</a></i> in cruise configuration</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Autonomy">Autonomy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Rovers which land on celestial bodies far from the Earth, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rovers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Exploration Rovers">Mars Exploration Rovers</a>, cannot be remotely controlled in real-time since the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed at which radio signals travel</a> is far too slow for <i>real-time</i> or <i>near-real-time</i> communication. For example, sending a signal from Mars to Earth takes between 3 and 21 minutes. These rovers are thus capable of operating <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_robot" title="Autonomous robot">autonomously</a> with little assistance from ground control as far as <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_robot#Outdoor_autonomous_position-sensing_and_navigation" title="Autonomous robot">navigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_acquisition" title="Data acquisition">data acquisition</a> are concerned, although they still require human input for identifying promising targets in the distance to which to drive, and determining how to position itself to maximize solar energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Schirber_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schirber-2">[2]</a></sup> Giving a rover some rudimentary visual identification capabilities to make simple distinctions can allow engineers to speed up the reconnaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-Schirber_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schirber-2">[2]</a></sup> During the NASA Sample Return Robot Centennial Challenge, a rover, named <i>Cataglyphis</i>, successfully demonstrated autonomous navigation, decision-making, and sample detection, retrieval, and return capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-wheeled_approaches">Non-wheeled approaches</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Non-wheeled approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Other rover designs that do not use wheeled approaches are possible. Mechanisms that utilize "walking" on <a href="/wiki/Robotic_arm" title="Robotic arm">robotic legs</a>, hopping, rolling, etc. are possible. For example, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> researchers have proposed "Hedgehog", a small <a href="/wiki/Cube" title="Cube">cube</a>-shaped rover that can controlla cock sucking nigger bly hop—or even spin out of a sandy sinkhole by corkscrewing upward to escape—for surface exploration of <a href="/wiki/Low_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Low gravity">low gravity</a> celestial bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-physorg20160208_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physorg20160208-4">[4]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Past_missions">Past missions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Past missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MoonLanderLola16.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MoonLanderLola16.png/300px-MoonLanderLola16.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MoonLanderLola16.png/450px-MoonLanderLola16.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MoonLanderLola16.png/600px-MoonLanderLola16.png 2x" data-file-width="3650" data-file-height="2626" /></a><figcaption>Landing sites of sample return and rover missions</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Moon">Moon</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Moon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span id="Lunokhod_0_.28No.201.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Lunokhod_0_(No.201)">Lunokhod 0 (No.201)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lunokhod 0 (No.201)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>The Soviet rover was intended to be the first roving remote-controlled <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, but crashed during a failed start of the launcher 19 February 1969.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Lunokhod_1">Lunokhod 1</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lunokhod 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_moonrover.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Soviet_moonrover.JPG/220px-Soviet_moonrover.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Soviet_moonrover.JPG/330px-Soviet_moonrover.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Soviet_moonrover.JPG/440px-Soviet_moonrover.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a> Lunar Rover</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a> rover landed on the Moon in November 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> It was the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on any celestial body. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> launched Lunokhod 1 aboard the <a href="/wiki/Luna_17" title="Luna 17">Luna 17</a> spacecraft on November 10, 1970, and it entered lunar orbit on November 15. The spacecraft soft-landed in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Rains" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea of Rains">Sea of Rains</a> region on November 17. The lander had dual ramps from which Lunokhod 1 could descend to the lunar surface, which it did at 06:28 UT. From November 17, 1970, to November 22, 1970, the rover drove 197 m, and during 10 communication sessions returned 14 close up pictures of the Moon and 12 panoramic views. It also analyzed the lunar soil. The last successful communications session with Lunokhod 1 was on September 14, 1971. Having worked for 11 months,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Apollo_Lunar_Roving_Vehicle">Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo15LunarRover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Apollo15LunarRover.jpg/220px-Apollo15LunarRover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Apollo15LunarRover.jpg/330px-Apollo15LunarRover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Apollo15LunarRover.jpg/440px-Apollo15LunarRover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 15 <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>NASA included <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicles</a> in three <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> missions: <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> (which landed on the Moon July 30, 1971), <a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a> (which landed April 21, 1972), and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> (which landed December 11, 1972).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Lunokhod_2">Lunokhod 2</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lunokhod 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunokhod-2_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lunokhod-2_model.jpg/220px-Lunokhod-2_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lunokhod-2_model.jpg/330px-Lunokhod-2_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lunokhod-2_model.jpg/440px-Lunokhod-2_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">Lunokhod 2</a> lunar rover</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">Lunokhod 2</a> was the second of two uncrewed lunar rovers landed on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunokhod program">Lunokhod program</a>. The rover became operational on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> on January 16, 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
It was the second roving remote-controlled <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a> to land on any celestial body. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> launched Lunokhod 2 aboard the <a href="/wiki/Luna_21" title="Luna 21">Luna 21</a> spacecraft on January 8, 1973, and the spacecraft soft-landed in the eastern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Mare_Serenitatis" title="Mare Serenitatis">Mare Serenitatis</a> region on January 15, 1973. Lunokhod 2 descended from the lander's dual ramps to the lunar surface at 01:14 UT on January 16, 1973. Lunokhod 2 operated for about four months, covered 39 km (24 mi) of terrain, including hilly <a href="/wiki/Highland_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland (geography)">upland</a> areas and <a href="/wiki/Rille" title="Rille">rilles</a>, and sent back 86 panoramic images and over 80,000 TV pictures.<sup id="cite_ref-2004Lunokhod2Airandspace_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2004Lunokhod2Airandspace-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2012Lunokhod2Register_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012Lunokhod2Register-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2012Lunokhod2Revisted_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012Lunokhod2Revisted-11">[11]</a></sup> Based on wheel rotations Lunokhod 2 was thought to have covered 37 km (23 mi) but Russian scientists at the Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (MIIGAiK) have revised that to an estimated distance of about 42.1–42.2 km (26.2–26.2 mi) based on Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (<a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">LRO</a>) images of the lunar surface.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> Subsequent discussions with their American counterparts ended with an agreed-upon final distance of 39 km (24 mi), which has stuck since.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Lunokhod_3">Lunokhod 3</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lunokhod 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>The Soviet rover was intended to be the third roving remote-controlled robot on the Moon in 1977. The mission was canceled due to lack of launcher availability and funding, although the rover was built.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Yutu"><i>Yutu</i></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Yutu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yutu_rover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Yutu rover on lunar surface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Yutu_rover.jpg/220px-Yutu_rover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Yutu_rover.jpg/330px-Yutu_rover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Yutu_rover.jpg/440px-Yutu_rover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Yutu_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Yutu rover">Yutu</a></i> rover on lunar surface</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a> is a Chinese Moon mission that includes a robotic rover <a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)"><i>Yutu</i></a>, named after the pet rabbit of <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e" title="Chang'e">Chang'e</a>, the goddess of the Moon in Chinese mythology. Launched in 2013 with the <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a> mission, it is China's first lunar rover, the first soft landing on the Moon since 1976 and the first rover to operate there since the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">Lunokhod 2</a> ceased operations on 11 May 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-Molnár-May2013_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molnár-May2013-16">[16]</a></sup> It was deployed on the Moon on December 14, 2013, and the rover encountered operational difficulties toward the end of the second lunar day<sup id="cite_ref-abnormality_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abnormality-17">[17]</a></sup> after surviving and recovering successfully the first 14-day lunar night (about a month on the Moon),<sup id="cite_ref-back_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-back-18">[18]</a></sup> and was unable to move after the end of the second lunar night, though it continued to gather useful information for some months afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-Not_dead_yet_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Not_dead_yet-19">[19]</a></sup> In October 2015, <i>Yutu</i> set the record for the longest operational period for a rover on the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> On 31 July 2016, <i>Yutu</i> ceased to operate after a total of 31 months, well beyond its original expected lifespan of three months.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
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<h3><span id="Pragyan_.28Chandrayaan-2_rover.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2_rover)"><i>Pragyan</i> (Chandrayaan-2 rover)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2 rover)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> was the second lunar mission by India, consisting of a lunar orbiter, a lander named <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2#Vikram_lander" title="Chandrayaan-2"><i>Vikram</i></a>, and a rover named <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2#Pragyan_rover" title="Chandrayaan-2"><i>Pragyan</i></a>. The rover weighing 27 kg,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> had six wheels and was to be operated on <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-duration_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duration-23">[23]</a></sup> Launched on 22 July 2019, the mission entered lunar orbit on August 20. <i>Pragyan</i> was destroyed along with its lander, <i>Vikram</i>, when it crash-landed on the Moon on 6 September 2019 and never got the chance to deploy.<sup id="cite_ref-L_Update_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L_Update-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hard_landing_TOI_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hard_landing_TOI-25">[25]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rashid">Rashid</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rashid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emirates_Lunar_Mission" title="Emirates Lunar Mission">Emirates Lunar Mission</a></div>
<p>Rashid was a lunar rover built by <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Space_Centre" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre">MBRSC</a> to be launched onboard <a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">Ispace</a>'s lander called Hakuto-R. The rover was launched in November 2022, but was destroyed as the lander crash landed in April 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> It was equipped with two high-resolution cameras, a microscopic camera to capture small details, and a thermal imaging camera. The rover carried a <a href="/wiki/Langmuir_probe" title="Langmuir probe">Langmuir probe</a>, designed to study the Moon's plasma and will attempt to explain why Moon dust is so sticky.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-27">[27]</a></sup> The rover was supposed to study the lunar surface, mobility on the Moon’s surface and how different surfaces interact with lunar particles.<sup id="cite_ref-abc_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-28">[28]</a></sup>
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<h3><span id="SORA-Q_.28Hakuto-R_Mission_1_Rover.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="SORA-Q_(Hakuto-R_Mission_1_Rover)">SORA-Q (Hakuto-R Mission 1 Rover)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: SORA-Q (Hakuto-R Mission 1 Rover)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">ispace (Japanese company)</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Takara_Tomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Takara Tomy">Takara Tomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doshisha_University" title="Doshisha University">Doshisha University</a> made a rover to be launched onboard <a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">Ispace</a>'s lander called Hakuto-R. It was launched in 2022, but was destroyed as the lander crash landed in April 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
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<h3><span id="Pragyan_.28Chandrayaan-3_rover.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3_rover)"><i>Pragyan</i> (Chandrayaan-3 rover)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3 rover)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> is a mission by India's space agency (<a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">ISRO</a>), consisting of a lunar lander and the <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">Pragyan rover</a>. It was a re-attempt to demonstrate soft landing, following the failure of <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a>'s <i>Vikram</i> lander. It was launched on 14 July 2023 on the <a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM-3</a> launch vehicle and has soft landed near south pole of moon August 23 at 6.04 PM IST. The 26 kg 6 wheeled rover Pragyan has descend from lander belly, on to the moon surface, using one of its side panels as a ramp. The rover will carry out in-situ chemical analysis of the lunar surface during its course of its mobility.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> The rover was deployed on 23 September<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> and was put into sleep mode after completing all its objectives on 3 September. It later died during that lunar night.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Peregrine_Mission_One">Peregrine Mission One</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Peregrine Mission One"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></div>
<p>Peregrine launched towards the Moon on 8 January 2024, taking with it 5 <a href="/wiki/Colmena" title="Colmena">Colmena</a> rovers and a <i><a href="/wiki/CubeRover#Iris" title="CubeRover">Iris</a></i> rover.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> After separation from the launch vehicle a fault occurred preventing it from completing its mission. The spacecraft instead returned to <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">Earth's atmosphere</a>, where it disintegrated on 18 January.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="SLIM">SLIM</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: SLIM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">Smart Lander for Investigating Moon</a></div>
<p>The SLIM lander has two rovers onboard, Lunar Excursion Vehicle 1 (LEV-1) (hopper) and Lunar Excursion Vehicle 2 (LEV-2), a tiny rover developed by JAXA in joint cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Tomy" title="Tomy">Tomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Group">Sony Group</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doshisha_University" title="Doshisha University">Doshisha University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> The first rover has direct-to-Earth communication. The second rover is designed to change its shape to traverse around the landing site over a short lifespan of two hours. SLIM was launched on September 6, 2023, and reached lunar orbit on 25 December 2023. They two rovers were successfully deployed and landed separately from SLIM shortly before it own landing on 19 January 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> LEV-1 conducted six hops on lunar surface and LEV-2 imaged SLIM lander on lunar surface.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mars">Mars</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="PrOP-M">PrOP-M</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: PrOP-M"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>The Soviet <a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a> landers each had a small 4.5 kg <a href="/wiki/PrOP-M" title="PrOP-M">PrOP-M</a> rover on board, which would have moved across the surface on <a href="/wiki/Skis" class="mw-redirect" title="Skis">skis</a> while connected to the lander with a 15-meter umbilical. Two small metal rods were used for autonomous obstacle avoidance, as radio signals from Earth would have taken too long to drive the rovers using remote control. The rover was planned to be placed on the surface after landing by a manipulator arm and to move in the field of view of the television cameras and stop to make measurements every 1.5 meters. The rover tracks in the Martian soil would also have been recorded to determine material properties. Because of the crash landing of Mars 2 and the communication failure (15 seconds post landing) of Mars 3, neither rover was deployed.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Marsokhod">Marsokhod</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Marsokhod"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Marsokhod" title="Marsokhod">Marsokhod</a> was a Soviet rover (hybrid, with both controls <a href="/wiki/Telecommand" title="Telecommand">telecommand</a> and automatic) aimed at Mars, part of the <a href="/wiki/Mars_4NM" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars 4NM">Mars 4NM</a> and scheduled to commence after 1973 (according to the plans of 1970). It was to be launched by a <a href="/wiki/N1_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="N1 rocket">N1 rocket</a>, which never flew successfully.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Sojourner"><i>Sojourner</i></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sojourner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sojourner_on_Mars_PIA01122.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sojourner_on_Mars_PIA01122.jpg/220px-Sojourner_on_Mars_PIA01122.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sojourner_on_Mars_PIA01122.jpg/330px-Sojourner_on_Mars_PIA01122.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sojourner_on_Mars_PIA01122.jpg/440px-Sojourner_on_Mars_PIA01122.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner</a></i> on Mars in 1997</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> mission included <i><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner</a></i>, the first rover to successfully deploy on another planet. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> launched Mars Pathfinder on 4 December 1996; it landed on Mars in a region called <a href="/wiki/Chryse_Planitia" title="Chryse Planitia">Chryse Planitia</a> on 4 July 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-NASASojourner_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASASojourner-41">[41]</a></sup> From its landing until the final data transmission on 27 September 1997, Mars Pathfinder returned 16,500 images from the lander and 550 images from <i>Sojourner</i>, as well as data from more than 15 chemical analyses of rocks and soil and extensive data on winds and other weather factors.<sup id="cite_ref-NASASojourner_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASASojourner-41">[41]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Beagle_2">Beagle 2</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Beagle 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a> was designed to explore Mars with a small "mole" (Planetary Undersurface Tool, or PLUTO), to be deployed by the arm. PLUTO had a compressed spring mechanism designed to enable it to move across the surface at a rate of 20 mm per second and to burrow into the ground, collecting a subsurface sample in a cavity in its tip. Beagle 2 failed while attempting to land on Mars in 2003.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Mars_Exploration_Rover_Spirit">Mars Exploration Rover <i>Spirit</i></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Mars Exploration Rover Spirit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg/220px-NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg/330px-NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg/440px-NASA_Mars_Rover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i></a> is a <a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">robotic rover on Mars</a>, active from 2004 to 2010. It was one of two rovers of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s ongoing <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> mission. It landed successfully on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> at 04:35 <a href="/wiki/Ground_UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground UTC">Ground UTC</a> on January 4, 2004, three weeks before its twin, <i><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity</a></i> (MER-B), landed on the other side of the planet. Its name was chosen through a <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover#Naming_of_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="Mars Exploration Rover">NASA-sponsored student essay competition</a>. The rover became stuck in late 2009, and its last communication with Earth was sent on March 22, 2010.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Mars_Exploration_Rover_Opportunity">Mars Exploration Rover <i>Opportunity</i></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i></a> is a <a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">robotic rover on the planet Mars</a>, active from 2004 to early 2019. Launched from <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> on July 7, 2003, it landed on the <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Martian</a> <a href="/wiki/Meridiani_Planum" title="Meridiani Planum">Meridiani Planum</a> on January 25, 2004, at 05:05 <a href="/wiki/Ground_UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground UTC">Ground UTC</a> (about 13:15 <a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars" title="Timekeeping on Mars">local time</a>), three weeks after its twin <i><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit</a></i> (MER-A) touched down on the other side of the planet. On July 28, 2014, NASA announced that <i>Opportunity</i>, after having traveled over 40 km (25 mi) on the planet <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, has set a new "off-world" record as the rover having driven the greatest distance, surpassing the previous record held by the Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">Lunokhod 2 rover</a> that had traveled 39 km (24 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140728a_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140728a-42">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FRB-20140729_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRB-20140729-43">[43]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Active_rover_missions">Active rover missions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Active rover missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mars_2">Mars</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Mars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mars_Science_Laboratory_Rover_Curiosity">Mars Science Laboratory Rover <i>Curiosity</i></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Mars Science Laboratory Rover Curiosity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera.jpg/220px-PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera.jpg/330px-PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera.jpg/440px-PIA16239_High-Resolution_Self-Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5247" data-file-height="7295" /></a><figcaption>Mars Science Laboratory <i>Curiosity</i> rover</figcaption></figure>
<p>On 26 November 2011, NASA's <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> mission was successfully launched for Mars. The mission successfully landed the robotic <i><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a></i> rover on the surface of Mars in August 2012. The rover is currently helping to determine whether Mars could ever have supported life, and search for evidence of past or present <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life on Mars (planet)">life on Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-MSL_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-MSL-44">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-MSL_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-MSL-45">[45]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mars_2020_Perseverance_rover">Mars 2020 <i>Perseverance</i> rover</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mars 2020 Perseverance rover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>NASA's <i><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a></i> rover is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> mission, launched in 2020 and landed on Mars on February 18, 2021. It is intended to investigate an <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiologically</a> relevant ancient environment on Mars, investigate its surface <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">geological processes</a> and history, including the assessment of its past <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitability</a> and potential for preservation of <a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">biosignatures</a> within accessible geological materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowing_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowing-46">[46]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Moon_2">Moon</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Moon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Yutu-2"><i>Yutu-2</i></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Yutu-2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> mission launched 7 December 2018, landed and deployed rover 3 January 2019 on the <a href="/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">far side of the Moon</a>. It was the first ever rover that operates on the far side of the Moon.
</p><p>In December 2019, <i>Yutu 2</i> broke the lunar longevity record, previously held by the Soviet Union's <i><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a></i> rover,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> which operated on the lunar surface for eleven lunar days (321 Earth days) and traversed a total distance of 10.54 km (6.55 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>In February 2020, Chinese astronomers reported, for the first time, a high-resolution image of a <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon#Geologic_history" title="Geology of the Moon">lunar ejecta sequence</a>, and, as well, direct analysis of its internal architecture. These were based on observations made by the <a href="/wiki/Ground-penetrating_radar" title="Ground-penetrating radar">Lunar Penetrating Radar</a> (LPR) on board the <i>Yutu-2</i> rover while studying the <a href="/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">far side of the Moon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20200226_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20200226-49">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SA-20200226_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA-20200226-50">[50]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Planned_rover_missions">Planned rover missions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Planned rover missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<h3><span id="VIPER_.28Volatiles_Investigating_Polar_Exploration_Rover.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="VIPER_(Volatiles_Investigating_Polar_Exploration_Rover)"><i>VIPER</i> (Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: VIPER (Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/VIPER_(rover)" title="VIPER (rover)">VIPER (rover)</a></div>
<p>A lunar rover designed by NASA to land and operate on the lunar south pole. VIPER will prospect for lunar resources on the moon in the form of volatiles in permanently shaded regions. VIPER is planned to launch in November 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="ExoMars_Rosalind_Franklin">ExoMars <i>Rosalind Franklin</i></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: ExoMars Rosalind Franklin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin (rover)</a></div>
<p>The European Space Agency (<a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>) has designed and carried out early prototyping and testing of the <i><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin</a></i> rover. As a result of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia's</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> severed ties with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a> and was left without a launch vehicle for this mission. The mission now plans to launch no earlier than (NET) 2028 with a landing around 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rovers_on_extraterrestrial_bodies" title="List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies">List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Google Lunar X Prize</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander (spacecraft)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LORAX" title="LORAX">LORAX</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">Lunar rover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Mars rover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crewed_Mars_rover" title="Crewed Mars rover">Crewed</a>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tank_on_the_Moon" title="Tank on the Moon">Tank on the Moon</a></i>, 2007 documentary film</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover_(space_exploration)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-Cowing-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cowing_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Cowing2012" class="citation web cs1">Keith Cowing (21 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spaceref.com/mars/science-definition-team-for-the-2020-mars-rover.html">"Science Definition Team for the 2020 Mars Rover"</a>. <i>NASA</i>. Science Ref<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Science+Definition+Team+for+the+2020+Mars+Rover&rft.date=2012-12-21&rft.au=Keith+Cowing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceref.com%2Fmars%2Fscience-definition-team-for-the-2020-mars-rover.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARover+%28space+exploration%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/china-change-4-rover-moon-record.html">China's Farside Moon Rover Breaks Lunar Longevity Record.</a> Leonard David, <i>Space.com</i>. 12 December 2019.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howell, Elizabeth (December 19, 2016). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/35090-lunokhod-1.html">Lunokhod 1: 1st Successful Lunar Rover"</a>, Space.com. Retrieved May 31, 2018.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYT-20200226-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20200226_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChang2020" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Kenneth (26 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/26/science/china-moon-far-side.html">"China's Rover Finds Layers of Surprise Under Moon's Far Side - The Chang'e-4 mission, the first to land on the lunar far side, is demonstrating the promise and peril of using ground-penetrating radar in planetary science"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China%27s+Rover+Finds+Layers+of+Surprise+Under+Moon%27s+Far+Side+-+The+Chang%27e-4+mission%2C+the+first+to+land+on+the+lunar+far+side%2C+is+demonstrating+the+promise+and+peril+of+using+ground-penetrating+radar+in+planetary+science.&rft.date=2020-02-26&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F02%2F26%2Fscience%2Fchina-moon-far-side.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARover+%28space+exploration%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-SA-20200226-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SA-20200226_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLi,_Chunlai2020" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Chunlai; et al. (26 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7043921">"The Moon's farside shallow subsurface structure unveiled by Chang'E-4 Lunar Penetrating Radar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Advances" title="Science Advances">Science Advances</a></i>. <b>6</b> (9): eaay6898. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020SciA....6.6898L">2020SciA....6.6898L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aay6898">10.1126/sciadv.aay6898</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7043921">7043921</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32133404">32133404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=The+Moon%27s+farside+shallow+subsurface+structure+unveiled+by+Chang%27E-4+Lunar+Penetrating+Radar&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=eaay6898&rft.date=2020-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7043921%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32133404&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aay6898&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020SciA....6.6898L&rft.au=Li%2C+Chunlai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7043921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARover+%28space+exploration%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/nasa-replans-clps-delivery-of-viper-to-2024-to-reduce-risk-2/">"NASA Replans CLPS Delivery of VIPER to 2024 to Reduce Risk - NASA"</a>. 2022-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Replans+CLPS+Delivery+of+VIPER+to+2024+to+Reduce+Risk+-+NASA&rft.date=2022-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fsolar-system%2Fnasa-replans-clps-delivery-of-viper-to-2024-to-reduce-risk-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARover+%28space+exploration%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div>
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transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Mars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">List of Mars orbiters</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">List of artificial objects on Mars</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Timeline of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">timeline</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission"><i>Hope</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1#Orbiter" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> orbiter</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i></a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i></a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/100px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/150px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/200px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5824" data-file-height="4737" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_landing_(PIA09943_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/200px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MSL_Artist_Concept_(PIA14164_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/100px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/150px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/200px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1" title="Mars 1">Mars 1</a><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zond_2" title="Zond 2">Zond 2</a><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_6_and_7" title="Mariner 6 and 7">Mariner 6 and 7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One (MarCO)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)"><i>Psyche</i></a> (2023, flyby in 2026)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4" title="Mars 4">Mars 4</a><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5" title="Mars 5">Mars 5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking program</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos program</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_1" title="Phobos 1">Phobos 1</a><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_2" title="Phobos 2">Phobos 2</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_landers" title="List of Mars landers">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><i>Viking 1</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><i>Viking 2</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder"><i>Mars Pathfinder</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a><sup>†</sup> / <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">ExoMars <i>Schiaparelli</i></a><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> lander</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/PrOP-M" title="PrOP-M">PrOP-M</a><sup>†</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i></a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spirit" title="Timeline of Spirit">timeline</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i></a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Failedlaunches" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Failed<br />launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.1" title="Mars 1M No.1">Mars 1M No.1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.2" title="Mars 1M No.2">1M No.2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-4_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-4 No.1">2MV-4 No.1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-3_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-3 No.1">2MV-3 No.1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_3" title="Mariner 3">Mariner 3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.521" title="Mars 2M No.521">Mars 2M No.521</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.522" title="Mars 2M No.522">2M No.522</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_8" title="Mariner 8">Mariner 8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_419" title="Kosmos 419">Mars 3MS No.170</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yinghuo-1" title="Yinghuo-1">Yinghuo-1</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2"><i>Mangalyaan-2</i></a> (2024)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a> (2024, flyby in 2025)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/EscaPADE" title="EscaPADE">EscaPADE</a> (2024)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tera-hertz_Explorer" title="Tera-hertz Explorer">Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)</a> (mid 2020s)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i> (mid 2020s)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martian_Moons_eXploration" title="Martian Moons eXploration">Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)</a> (2026)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars#Second_launch_(2028)" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> (2028)
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NASA-ESA_Mars_Sample_Return" title="NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return">NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Sample_Recovery_Helicopter" title="Mars Sample Recovery Helicopter">Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_and_Phobos_Interior_Explorer" title="Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer">DePhine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Aerial_and_Ground_Global_Intelligent_Explorer_(MAGGIE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer (MAGGIE)">Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_program" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Mars program">Mars Base Alpha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Ice_Mapper" title="Mars Exploration Ice Mapper">Mars Exploration Ice Mapper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Grunt" title="Mars-Grunt">Mars-Grunt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Micro_Orbiter" title="Mars Micro Orbiter">Mars Micro Orbiter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS rover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_MetNet" title="Mars MetNet">MetNet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Next_Mars_Orbiter" title="Next Mars Orbiter">Next Mars Orbiter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_And_Deimos_%26_Mars_Environment" title="Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment">PADME</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sky-Sailor" title="Sky-Sailor">Sky-Sailor</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cancelledproposals" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Cancelled<br />proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_Regional-scale_Environmental_Survey" title="Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey">Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_3" title="Beagle 3">Beagle 3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marsokhod" title="Marsokhod">Marsokhod</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4NM" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars 4NM">Mars 4NM & 5NM</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5M" title="Mars 5M">Mars 5M (Mars-79)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Aster" title="Mars-Aster">Mars-Aster</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_One" title="Mars One">Mars One</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_2001" title="Mars Surveyor 2001">Mars Surveyor Lander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Telecommunications_Orbiter" title="Mars Telecommunications Orbiter">Mars Telecommunications Orbiter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NetLander" title="NetLander">NetLander</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">Red Dragon</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sample_Collection_for_Investigation_of_Mars" title="Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars">Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program_(Mars)" title="Voyager program (Mars)">Voyager Mars</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flyby</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Landing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_atmospheric_entry" title="Mars atmospheric entry">Atmospheric entry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Sample return</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Human mission</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_to_Stay" title="Mars to Stay">Permanent settlement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Terraforming</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Strategies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Scout_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Scout Program">Mars Scout Program</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration Program</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Next_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Next Generation">Mars Next Generation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mars_Project" title="The Mars Project">The Mars Project</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Mars" title="The Case for Mars">The Case for Mars</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Institute" title="Mars Institute">Mars Institute</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moon_spacecraft" title="Template:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moon_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moon_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Spacecraft missions</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">American</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a>-</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">Chinese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chang'e</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">Indian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">Japanese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Japanese Lunar Exploration Program">Japanese Lunar Exploration Program</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">South Korean</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Crewed</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Active<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS#ARTEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> Orbiter</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a> (service module)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao relay satellite</a> (relay satellite at <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point#L2" title="Lagrange point">L<sub>2</sub></a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao-2 relay satellite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu-2</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArgoMoon" title="ArgoMoon">ArgoMoon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Past<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">12</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">14</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">15</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></i></li>
<li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">10</a></i>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_1" title="Artemis 1">Artemis 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_35" title="Explorer 35">Explorer 35</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_49" title="Explorer 49">49</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hiten_(spacecraft)" title="Hiten (spacecraft)">Hiten</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_10" title="Luna 10">Luna 10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_11" title="Luna 11">11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_12" title="Luna 12">12</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_14" title="Luna 14">14</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_19" title="Luna 19">19</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_22" title="Luna 22">22</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_1" title="Lunar Orbiter 1">Lunar Orbiter 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_2" title="Lunar Orbiter 2">2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_3" title="Lunar Orbiter 3">3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_4" title="Lunar Orbiter 4">4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_5" title="Lunar Orbiter 5">5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15#Lunar_subsatellite" title="Apollo 15">PFS-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16#Lunar_subsatellite_PFS-2" title="Apollo 16">PFS-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> (propulsion module)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_that_impacted_the_Moon" title="Category:Spacecraft that impacted the Moon">Impactors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_2" title="Luna 2">Luna 2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_4" title="Ranger 4">Ranger 4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_6" title="Ranger 6">6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_7" title="Ranger 7">7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_8" title="Ranger 8">8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_9" title="Ranger 9">9</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></i> ×6</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_13" title="Luna 13">13</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">16</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_17" title="Luna 17">17</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">20</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_21" title="Luna 21">21</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_23" title="Luna 23">23</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">24</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_5" title="Surveyor 5">5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_6" title="Surveyor 6">6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_7" title="Surveyor 7">7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Vikram</a> (Chandrayaan-3)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/EagleCam" title="EagleCam">EagleCam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">(Chandrayaan-3)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_1" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_2" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-2</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample return</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">12</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">14</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">15</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">Luna 16</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">20</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">24</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Failed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Lunar_Mission" title="Emirates Lunar Mission">Emirates Lunar Mission</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R M1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_5" title="Luna 5">Luna 5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_7" title="Luna 7">7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_8" title="Luna 8">8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_15" title="Luna 15">15</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_18" title="Luna 18">18</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">25</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OMOTENASHI" title="OMOTENASHI">OMOTENASHI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_4" title="Surveyor 4">4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2#Vikram_lander" title="Chandrayaan-2">Vikram</a> (Chandrayaan-2)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lunar_flybys" title="Category:Lunar flybys">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Memorial_Moon_Mission" title="Manfred Memorial Moon Mission">4M</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geotail" title="Geotail">Geotail</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">ICE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_1" title="Luna 1">Luna 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_3" title="Luna 3">3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_4" title="Luna 4">4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_6" title="Luna 6">6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Hydrogen_Mapper" title="Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper">LunaH-Map</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_IceCube" title="Lunar IceCube">Lunar IceCube</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LunIR" title="LunIR">LunIR</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_4" title="Pioneer 4">Pioneer 4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_5" title="Ranger 5">Ranger 5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wind_(spacecraft)" title="Wind (spacecraft)">Wind</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zond_3" title="Zond 3">Zond 3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zond_6" title="Zond 6">6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zond_7" title="Zond 7">7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zond_8" title="Zond 8">8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PAS-22" title="PAS-22">PAS-22</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Planned<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_2" title="Artemis 2">Artemis 2</a></i> (2025)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_3" title="Artemis 3">Artemis 3</a></i> (2026)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_4" title="Artemis 4">Artemis 4</a></i> (2028)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_5" title="Artemis 5">Artemis 5</a></i> (2029)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis 6">Artemis 6</a></i> (2030)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis 7">Artemis 7</a></i> (2031)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis 8">Artemis 8</a></i> (2032)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/VIPER_(rover)" title="VIPER (rover)">VIPER</a> (Nov 2024)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intuitive_Machines_Nova-C" title="Intuitive Machines Nova-C">IM-2</a> (2024)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Trailblazer" title="Lunar Trailblazer">Lunar Trailblazer</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace#Blue_Ghost_lunar_lander" title="Firefly Aerospace">Blue Ghost</a> (2024)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26" title="Luna 26">Luna 26</a> (2027)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">Luna 27</a> (2028)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">Luna 28</a> (2030)</li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 29 (page does not exist)">Luna 29</a> (2030s)</li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 30 (page does not exist)">Luna 30</a> (2030s)</li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 31 (page does not exist)">Luna 31</a> (2030s)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">CLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> (2024)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a> (2026)</li>
<li>Chang'e 8 (2028)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">Hakuto-R M2</a> (2024)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY<sup>+</sup></a> (2025)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet_2" title="Beresheet 2">Beresheet 2</a> (2025)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">ispace M3</a> (2026)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Pathfinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Pathfinder">Lunar Pathfinder</a> (2026)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cislunar_Explorers" title="Cislunar Explorers">Cislunar Explorers</a> (2020s)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Escape_Explorer" title="Earth Escape Explorer">CU-E<sup>3</sup></a> (2020s)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotic_Technology#Rovers" title="Astrobotic Technology">MoonRanger</a> (2020s)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/DearMoon_project" title="DearMoon project">#dearMoon project</a></i> (late 2020s)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Research_Station" title="International Lunar Research Station">International Lunar Research Station</a> (late 2020s)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Proposed<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Robotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">Lunar Polar Exploration Mission</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Transportation_Systems" title="Planetary Transportation Systems">ALINA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Draper_Laboratory#Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Draper Laboratory">Artemis-7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)">Blue Moon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BOLAS_(spacecraft)" title="BOLAS (spacecraft)">BOLAS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Garat%C3%A9a-L" title="Garatéa-L">Garatéa-L</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ISOCHRON_(spacecraft)" title="ISOCHRON (spacecraft)">ISOCHRON</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LunaNet" title="LunaNet">LunaNet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Crater_Radio_Telescope" title="Lunar Crater Radio Telescope">Lunar Crater Radio Telescope</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/McCandless_Lunar_Lander" title="McCandless Lunar Lander">McCandless</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/DSE-Alpha" title="DSE-Alpha">DSE-Alpha</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Lunar_Lander" title="Boeing Lunar Lander">Boeing Lunar Lander</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Lunar_Lander" title="Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander">Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Cancelled /<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Altair_(spacecraft)" title="Altair (spacecraft)">Altair</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_1" title="Baden-Württemberg 1">Baden-Württemberg 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Lunar_Explorer" title="European Lunar Explorer">European Lunar Explorer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Lunar_Outpost" title="First Lunar Outpost">First Lunar Outpost</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Network" title="International Lunar Network">International Lunar Network</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LEO_(spacecraft)" title="LEO (spacecraft)">LEO</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/LK_(spacecraft)" title="LK (spacecraft)">LK</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar-A" title="Lunar-A">Lunar-A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Mission_One" title="Lunar Mission One">Lunar Mission One</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Lunar Observer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunokhod 3">Lunokhod 3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MoonLITE" title="MoonLITE">MoonLITE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OrbitBeyond" title="OrbitBeyond">OrbitBeyond</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Harvest_Moon" title="Project Harvest Moon">Project Harvest Moon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prospector_(spacecraft)" title="Prospector (spacecraft)">Prospector</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Prospector_(rover)" title="Resource Prospector (rover)">Resource Prospector</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SELENE-2" title="SELENE-2">SELENE-2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrselena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrselena">Ukrselena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Masten_Space_Systems#XL-1" title="Masten Space Systems">XL-1</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization of the Moon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Google Lunar X Prize</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">List of artificial objects on the Moon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_that_have_landed_on_the_Moon" title="List of species that have landed on the Moon">List of species that have landed on the Moon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11 anniversaries">Apollo 11 anniversaries</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_lunar_landers" title="List of crewed lunar landers">List of crewed lunar landers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><div>
<ul><li>Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mars_rovers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_rovers" title="Template:Mars rovers"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Mars_rovers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Mars rovers (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mars_rovers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mars rovers"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mars_rovers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Mars rovers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/PrOP-M" title="PrOP-M">PrOP-M</a> <sup>†</sup></li></ul>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner</a></i>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">Timeline of <i>Opportunity</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spirit" title="Timeline of Spirit">Timeline of <i>Spirit</i></a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)">Zhurong</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23491-Mars2020Rover-ObtainingSamples-20200210.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PIA23491-Mars2020Rover-ObtainingSamples-20200210.jpg/180px-PIA23491-Mars2020Rover-ObtainingSamples-20200210.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PIA23491-Mars2020Rover-ObtainingSamples-20200210.jpg/270px-PIA23491-Mars2020Rover-ObtainingSamples-20200210.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PIA23491-Mars2020Rover-ObtainingSamples-20200210.jpg/360px-PIA23491-Mars2020Rover-ObtainingSamples-20200210.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_embedded_computer_systems_on_board_the_Mars_rovers" title="Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers">Rover embedded computers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crewed_Mars_rover" title="Crewed Mars rover">Crewed Mars rover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">Lunar rover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rovers_on_extraterrestrial_bodies" title="List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies">List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Mars landing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sky_crane_(landing_system)" title="Sky crane (landing system)">Sky crane</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lunar_rovers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#DDDDDD;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lunar_rovers" title="Template:Lunar rovers"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#DDDDDD;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lunar_rovers" title="Template talk:Lunar rovers"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#DDDDDD;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lunar_rovers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lunar rovers"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#DDDDDD;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lunar_rovers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">Lunar rovers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2</a></i> (2019–present, on <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme#Lunokhod_201" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod 0 (1A)</a><sup>†</sup> (1969)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a> (1970–1971, on <a href="/wiki/Luna_17" title="Luna 17">Luna 17</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">Lunokhod 2</a> (1973, on <a href="/wiki/Luna_21" title="Luna 21">Luna 21</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> (1971, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">LRV-2</a> (1972, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">LRV-3</a> (1972, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">CLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu</a></i> (2013–2016, on <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan</a></i><sup>†</sup> (2019, on <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">Pragyan</a></i> (2023, on <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_(lunar_rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid (lunar rover)">Rashid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rashid_(lunar_rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid (lunar rover)">Rashid</a></i><sup>†</sup> (2022–2023, on <a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/CubeRover" title="CubeRover">Iris</a></i><sup>†</sup> (2024, on <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colmena" title="Colmena">Colmena</a> × 5<sup>†</sup> (2024, on <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sora-Q" title="Sora-Q">Sora-Q</a><sup>†</sup> (2022–2023, on <a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_1" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-1</a> (2024, on <a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_2" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sora-Q" title="Sora-Q">Sora-Q</a>) (2024, on <a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/MoonRanger" class="mw-redirect" title="MoonRanger">MoonRanger</a> (2023)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/VIPER_(rover)" title="VIPER (rover)">VIPER</a></i> (2024)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rashid_(lunar_rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid (lunar rover)">Rashid 2</a></i>) (2026)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Terrain_Vehicle" title="Lunar Terrain Vehicle">Lunar Terrain Vehicle</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATHLETE" title="ATHLETE">ATHLETE</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PTScientists" class="mw-redirect" title="PTScientists">Audi Lunar Quattro ×2 (PTScientists)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Systems" title="Deep Space Systems">Deep Space Systems</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OrbitBeyond#ECA_rover" title="OrbitBeyond">ECA</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HERACLES_(spacecraft)" title="HERACLES (spacecraft)">HERACLES</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Cruiser" title="Lunar Cruiser">Lunar Cruiser</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Grunt rover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">LUPEX rover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Express" title="Moon Express">Moon Express</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OrbitBeyond" title="OrbitBeyond">OrbitBeyond rover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotic_Technology#Icebreaker_to_the_north_pole" title="Astrobotic Technology">Polaris</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(rover)" title="Scarab (rover)">Scarab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Vehicle" title="Space Exploration Vehicle">Space Exploration Vehicle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Puli_Space_Technologies" title="Puli Space Technologies">Team Puli</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme#Lunokhod_3" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod 3</a> (1977)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Prospector_(rover)" title="Resource Prospector (rover)">Resource Prospector</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tank_on_the_Moon" title="Tank on the Moon">Tank on the Moon</a></i> (2007 documentary)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Mars rover</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rover (space exploration)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_rovers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extraterrestrial rovers">List of extraterrestrial rovers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#DDDDDD;"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q643962#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7743594-1">Germany</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1712850302' |
